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4.1 Students demonstrate an understanding of the physical and human geographic features that define places and regions in California.
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4.2 Students describe the social, political, cultural, and economic life and interactions among people of California from the pre-Columbian societies to the Spanish mission and Mexican rancho periods.
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4.3 Students explain the economic, social, and political life in California from the establishment of the Bear Flag Republic through the Mexican-American War, the Gold Rush, and the granting of statehood.
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4.4 Students explain how California became an agricultural and industrial power, tracing the transformation of the California economy and its political and cultural development since the 1850s.
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4.5 Students understand the structures, functions, and powers of the local, state, and federal governments as described in the U.S. Constitution.