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Period: Jan 4, 1330 to Jan 4, 1550
Italian Renaissance
This event began during the 14th century & lasted until 16th century, marking the transition from medieval to early modern Europe. Beginning in Tuscany, & centered in the cities of Florence & sienna. Later spreading to Venice, where remains of Ancient Greek culture were brought together. Italian Renaissance peaked in the mid-16th century as foreign invasions plunged the region into the turmoil of Italian wars. Ideas & ideals of the Renaissance endured & spread across Europe. -
Period: Jan 1, 1449 to Apr 9, 1492
Lorenzo Medici
Lorenzo was lord of Florence from Dec.2 1469- Apr.9 1492. He was known as Lorenzo the Magnificent by Florentines, he was a magnate, politician & patron of scholars, artists & poets. The fragile peace that he helped maintain among various Italian states collapsed with his death. Lucrezia Tornabuoni (mother), was a writer of sonnets & friend to poets & philosophers of the Medidci Academy, when she later became her son's advisor after the death's of his father & uncle. Married to Clarice Orsino. -
Period: Nov 9, 1450 to
Witch Hunts
The classical period of witch hunts in Early Modern Europe & Colonial North America falls into the Early Modern period, (1450-1750), resulting in an estimated 35,000-100,000 executions. Belief in witchcraft has been shown to have similarities in societies throughout the world. In 331 B.C. 170 women were executed as witches in context of an epidemic illness. This presents framework to explain the occurrence of otherwise random misfortunes such as sickness/death & the witch gives an image of evil. -
Period: Apr 15, 1452 to May 2, 1519
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo was an Italian polymath whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science,engineering etc.. He has been named the father of paleontology, ichnology, & is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time. Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter Andrea del Verrocchio at age 14. In 1476 Leonardo & three other young men were charged with sodomy but acquitted, & later vanished until seen working with the Medici. -
Period: Feb 19, 1473 to May 24, 1543
Copernicus
Copernicus was born & died in Royal Prussia, a region that had been a part of the kingdom of Poland since 1446. He was a polyglot & polymath who obtained a doctorate in canon law & also practiced as a physician, translator, & diplomat. In 1517 he derived a quantity theory of money-a key concept in economics-in 1519 he formulated a version of what became Gresham's Law. He spoke Latin, German, Polish, Greek, & Italian. Living in Warmia for the last 40 years of his life, after his finishing studies -
Period: Mar 6, 1475 to Feb 18, 1564
Michelangelo
Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, & engineer of the high Renaissance. He was considered as the greatest living artist in his lifetime, he has since been held as one of the greatest. As a boy, Michelangelo was sent to Florence to study grammar under humanist Francesco da Urbino. Michelangelo however, showed no interest to school instead preferring to copy painting from churches & seek company of fellow painters. 1488, (13) Michelangelo was apprenticed to Ghirlandaio. -
Period: Nov 8, 1487 to
Northern Renaissance
From the late 15th century, ideas spread around Europe. This influenced the German, Polish, & low country Renaissance, each with different characteristics. Feudalism was on decline at the beginning of the Renaissance, opening way for culture, social, & economic changes associated with the Renaissance in Europe. Consequently, the early 15th century saw the rise of many secular institutions & beliefs. Among the most significant of these, humanism, would lay grounds for much of Renaissance art. -
Period: Jun 28, 1491 to Jan 28, 1547
Henry viii
Henry oversaw the legal Union of England & Wales with the laws in Wales act 1535 & 1542. He's also known for a personal rivalry with Francis1 of France & Holy Roman Emperor CharlesV, with whom he warred. Besides asserting sovereign supremacy over the Church of England, initiating English reform, he greatly expanded royal power. Despite the influx of money, Henry was continually on verge of financial ruin due to war costs & personal wants. Henry was described as: a charismatic ruler. -
Period: Mar 18, 1496 to Jun 25, 1533
Mary Tudor
At age 6, she was given her own household, complete with a staff, schoolmaster, & physician. Queen Mary married twice before her death. She was the 3rd wife of Louis XII of France, more than 30 years her senior. Following his death, she married Charles Brandon, 1st duke of Suffolk. Her second marriage produced four children, her eldest daughter Frances, made her a grandmother the Lady Jane Grey. -
Period: Jul 10, 1509 to May 27, 1564
Calvinists (John Calvin) part ii
During the English civil war, the Calvinistic puritans produced the Westminster confession, which became standard for Presbyterians in the English-speaking world. According to reformed theologians, God's self-revelation is always through his son Jesus Christ, because Christ is the only mediator between God & people. -
Period: Jul 10, 1509 to May 27, 1564
Calvinists (John Calvin)
Calvinism can be a misleading term, the religious tradition it denotes is & has always been diverse, with a wide range of influences. Since the Arminian Controversy, reformed tradition as a branch of Protestantism distinguished from Lutheranism- divided into two groups, Arminians & Calvinist. Toward the middle of the 16th century, reformed began to commit their beliefs to confessions of faith, which shaped the future definition of reformed faith. -
Period: Oct 31, 1517 to Oct 31, 1517
The 95 Theses
Albert of Mainz agreed to allow the sale of indulgences in his territory to lessen his debt to the church. When the people of Wittenburg purchased indulgences they confessed & claimed it forgave their sins. Luther, outraged, felt compelled to expose the fraud that was being sold to the people. Many people say Luther then posted his 95 theses though there was no original printing of the theses. Some say it was just a letter to clear a misunderstanding. -
Period: Nov 9, 1517 to
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the reformation with his 95 theses. The spread of Gutenburg's printing press provided means for rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. There were also reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as radical reformation, giving rise to anabaptist, Moravian, & other movements. Northern Europe came under influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained Roman Catholic while Central Europe was a site of war. -
Period: May 1, 1532 to May 1, 1532
Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince
The book is a 16th century political treatise by Italian diplomat & political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli. The printed version was published in 1532, five years after Machiavelli's death. Niccolo's work eventually came to be dedicated to Lorenzo de Medici, grandson of "Lorenzo the magnificent", whose uncle Giovanni became Pope Leo X in 1513. Machiavelli's ideas on how to gain honor & power as a leader had an impact on political leaders throughout the west. Niccolo also wrote: The Mandrake. -
Period: Nov 10, 1534 to Nov 10, 1554
Supremacy Act
Royal Supremacy is specifically used to describe legal sovereignty of civil laws over laws of the Church of England. In the act of supremacy, Henry abandoned Rome completely. Henry was declared "Defender of the faith" in 1521 by Pope Leo X for his pamphlet accusing Martin Luther of heresy. The 1534 act is often taken to mark the beginning of the English reformation, although sources suggest it has been brewing for more than a century. In 1554, King Henry's daughter, Queen Mary, repealed the act. -
Period: Nov 10, 1543 to
Scientific Revolution
The scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period & continued through late 18th century, influencing the enlightment. By the end of the 18th century, the scientific revolution had given way to the age of reflection. In 1747, Clairout wrote the Newton was said in his own lifetime to have created a revolution. The revolution led to the establishment of several modern sciences. Though it is not true the Newtonian science was like modern science, it resembled ours. -
Period: Dec 13, 1545 to Dec 4, 1563
Catholic Reformation/Council of Trent
Prompted by the Protestant reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the counter reformation. The council met for 25 sessions between 1545-1563, most held in Trenton apart from the 9th-11th sessions held in Bologna during 1547. In reply to Papal Bull Exsurge Domine of Pope Leo X (1520), Luther burned the document & appealed for a general council. Decrees addressed many subjects like scripture & sacred tradition. 350 years passed until the next council, the 1st Vatican council. -
Period: Feb 15, 1564 to
Galileo's Trial
Galileo's initial discoveries were met with opposition with the Catholic Church, & in 1616 the inquisition declared heliocentrism to be formally heretical. Responding to controversy over theology & philosophy, the Roman inquisition tried Galileo in 1633 & sentenced him to indefinite imprisonment. Galileo was kept under house arrest until death in 1642. Initial controversy with fellow philosophers led to trouble for Galileo. He was involved in a dispute over discovery of sunspots with a jesuit. -
Period: Aug 23, 1572 to Aug 24, 1572
St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre
The king ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny & the slaughter spread throughout Paris. Lasting several weeks, the massacre expanded outward to urban centers & the countryside. The massacre marked a turning point in the French wars of religion. The attempted assassination of Coligny triggered the crisis that led to the massacre. Catholics regarded the massacres as deliverance from an imminent Huguenot coup d'etat. The death toll in total were over 10,000. -
Period: to
Globe theater (GT)
Built 1599 by the lord chamberlain's men, on land owned by Thomas Brend & inherited by his son, Nichola Brend & grandson Sir Matthew Brend. On June 29, 1613 the globe was burned down, though a second Globe Theater was built in June 1614 on the same site but later closed in 1642. Globe was built in 1599 using timber from an older theater which had been built by James Burbage in 1576. A modern construction of the globe opened in 1997. From 1909, the current theater was called (GT) until 1994. -
Period: to
Isaac Newton
Newton made seminal contributions to optics & he shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of calculus. In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series. Newton was a fellow of Trinity College & 2nd Lucasian professor of mathematics at the university of Cambridge. Born prematurely, he was a small child; mother Hannah Ayscough said he could fit in a quart mug. Sources reveal Newtons analyst of white light owes a debt to alchemy