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Dual Alliance
- Published by Bismarck in 1885 to stop war from breaking out between Russia and Austria-Hungary
- Russia realized that if they would attack, Bismarck would come and help their Austrian neighbors
- If Austria-Hungary would be the aggressor, they would have to fight Russia alone
- Neither of the countries was ready for a war at the time so the tension relaxed
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The Bulgarian Crisis
- Bulgaria was resenting Russian interference
- Eastern Rumelia proclaimed union with Bulgaria
- Bulgarian parliament offered the throne for German Catholic, Prince Ferdinand
- Russia opposed the appointment
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The Armenian Massacres
- 2 million of Armenia's Orthodox Christians were ruled by Muslim Turks
- Turks persecuted Armenians for their faith
- Uprising in 1894 caused Turks to massacre the Christians (lasted 2 years, until 1896)
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Revolt in Crete
- Crete was inhabited by Greeks but was ruled by Turks
- The Greeks revolted in May 1896
- Greece declared a war on Turkey
- The Turkish won the war
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Crete is self-governed
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The Young Turks
- Nationalist group who supported liberal constitution
- Forced the Sultan to introduce these reforms
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Austria-Hungary takes over Bosnia
- Austria- Hungary takes over Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Serb nationalist are frustrated because of that
- Germany supports Astria-Hungary against Serbs
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New Sultan in Turkey
- Sultan attempts an unsuccessful counter-coup against the Young Turks (nationalist group)
- Sultan gets replaced with his brother
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The First Balkan War
- Turkish persecution was renewed after the fall of the Young Turks
- The Balkan League was formed between Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Greece
- They wanted to get rid of the Turks in Europe and declare war on Turkey
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Crete becomes a part of Greece
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Turks are driven out of Europe
- By 1913 the Balkan League successfully drove out the Turks from Europe
- Little more than Constantinpole was left inTurkish hands
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The Treaty of London
- Austria demanded that Serbia and Montenegro leave from the Adriatic coast
- New independent state was created: Albania
- Serbia became landlocked
- Constantinople and Dardanelles were left for Turkey
- The remaining part of the land that Turkey possessed was divided between Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria
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The Second Balkan War
- War between the members of the Balkan League
- Bulgaria was unhappy with the terms of the Treaty of London so they attacked Serbia in June 1913
- Greeks and Romanians helped the Serbs
- Bulgarians didn;t have good odds so they agreed to end the fighting
- The Treaty of Bucharest was signed which meant the loss of large areas of Bulgaria to Serbia, Greece, Romania and Turkey
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Serbian Nationalism
- Serbia doubles in size
- They encourage Slavs to seek independence
- Austria-Hungary now knows that they will have to suppress this nationalism or their multi-racial empire will be destroyed
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Treaty of Lausanne
_ Treaty between Turkey and the Allies
- Turkey gives up all claims to the former European territories of the Ottoman Empire