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The crusades were military saintioned by the pope of the roman catholic church. Following the first Crusade there was an intermittent 200-year struggle for control of the Holy Land, with six more major crusades and numerous minor ones.
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As a cultural movement, it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures. In politics, the Renaissance contributed the development of the conventions of diplomacy, and in science an increased reliance on observation.
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The war had its roots in a dynastic disagreement.Edward responded by declaring himself to be the rightful King of France rather than Philip.
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The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central Asia. The aftermath of the plague created a series of religious, social, and economic upheavals.
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The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history.The rise of new emperors and new factions diminished such extravagances; the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor during the 1449 Tumu Crisis ended them completely
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As a favorite of the Yongle Emperor, whose usurpation he assisted, he rose to the top of the imperial hierarchy and served as commander of the southern capital Nanjing.These voyages were long neglected in official Chinese histories
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Joan said she received visions of the Archangel Michael. Twenty-five years after her execution, an inquisitorial court authorized by Pope Callixtus III examined the trial, debunked the charges against her, pronounced her innocent, and declared her a martyr.
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The capture of Constantinople (and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter) marked the end of the Roman Empire. The conquest of Constantinople followed a seven-week siege.
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As a university-trained Catholic priest dedicated to astronomy, Copernicus was acquainted with the Sun-centered cosmos.Copernicus's challenge was to present a practical alternative to the Ptolemaic model.
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His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the Printing Revolution.Gutenberg was the first European to use movable type printing.
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There was a large Moorish population in Spain half a millennium after the high point of Andalusian culture in the eleventh century. This in turn gave the Catholic monarchs an excuse to revoke their promises.
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He quickly made port in the Canary Islands for a final restocking. Columbus himself later claimed that he had seen a sort of light or aura before Triana did.
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He was the first European to reach India by sea. This discovery was significant and opened the way for an age of global imperialism and for the Portuguese to establish a long-lasting colonial empire in Asia.
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The Portuguese were the first to engage in the New World slave trade in the 16th century. Ship owners considered the slaves as cargo to be transported.
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Despite their demise in 1736, the legacy that they left behind was the revival of Persia as an economic stronghold between East and West. Safavid Iran was one of the Islamic "gunpowder empires".
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The term originated in the early 16th century. The term was first coined by Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci.
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The ambiguity of the subject's expression, which is frequently described as enigmatic. The painting is thought to have been commissioned for their new home, and to celebrate the birth of their second son, Andrea
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His work demonstrated a blend of psychological insight, physical realism and intensity never before seen.His resulting work, most notably his Pietà and David sculptures and Sistine Chapel ceiling paintings.
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He was born in a still disputed location in northern Portugal. In 1521, traveling west from Europe, the expedition reached a region of Southeast Asia which Magellan had reached on previous voyages traveling east.
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Luther's Ninety-Five Theses centers on practices within the Catholic Church regarding baptism and absolution.These had been piously collected by Frederick III of Saxony.
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In the early 16th century, northern India, being then under mainly Muslim rulers. The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the founder Babur's victory over Ibrahim Lodi in the first Battle of Panipat.
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It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region as the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest of the Inca Empire led to spin-off campaigns into present-day Chile and Colombia as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin.
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His struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority. Domestically, he is known for his radical changes to the English Constitution, ushering in the theory of the divine right of kings to England.
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The consequences of the Council were also significant as regards the Church's liturgy and practices. he Council met for twenty-five sessions between 13 December 1545 and 4 December 1563, all in Trento.
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Known in Spanish as "Philip the Prudent". During his reign, Spain reached the height of its influence and power.
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In 1558, Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister to the throne, and she set out to rule by good counsel.In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and half-siblings had been.
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Enlightenment thinkers opposed superstition. It spread across Europe and to the United States, continuing to the end of the 18th century.
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This was the first colony in the British Empire.The settlement was located within the country of Tsenacommacah, which was administered by the Powhatan Confederacy, and specifically in that of the Paspahegh tribe.
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Louis began his personal rule of France in 1661 after the death of his chief minister. During Louis's reign, France was the leading European power and it fought three major wars.
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His 1651 book Leviathan established social contract theory, the foundation of most later Western political philosophy. Though on rational grounds a champion of absolutism for the sovereign, Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought.
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He dominated the short-lived commonwealth of England. As a ruler he executed an aggressive and effective foreign policy.
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An independent and intelligent woman, ruling a great power and being the master of her own sexuality was seen with suspicion in her male-dominated society.In reality Catherine had 22 male lovers during her long life.
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Popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and aristocracy grew amidst a financial crisis following two expensive wars and years of bad harvests.The next stage was dominated by struggles between various liberal assemblies and right-wing supporters of the monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms.
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The ratification process for the Constitution began that day, and ended when the final state, Rhode Island, ratified it on May 29, 1790, three years later. When Vermont, which at the time was a sovereign state, voted to ratify the Constitution and to apply for admission into the Union.
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The guillotine (called the "National Razor") became the symbol of the revolutionary cause. During 1794, revolutionary France was beset with conspiracies by internal and foreign enemies.
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He was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon was born in Corsica in a family of noble Italian ancestry that had settled in Corsica in the 16th century.
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Upon Napoleon's return to power in March 1815, many states that had opposed him formed the Seventh Coalition and began to mobilise armies.Napoleon delayed giving battle until noon on 18 June to allow the ground to dry.
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This time is also called the Tokugawa period or pre-modern (Kinsei).The heads of government were the shoguns,[2] and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan.
