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The result of an open clash between the British and the Chinese. took place mostly at sea. China's outdated ships were no match for Britain's steam powered gunboats and sophisicated cannons.
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After signing a treaty in 1844 U.S. and other foreign citizens gained extraterritorial rights. These rights provieded exemption from Chinese law at four Chinese ports besidees Guangzhou.
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This policy proposed that China's "doors" be open to merchants of all nations.
