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The Hacienda system was feudal-like and centered around Spanish estates, or plantations. Designed to have economic, political, and economic effects, the system served to consolidate the removal of land from the natives and "peasants". It functioned through the owners (generally Spanish and Portuguese colonizers) would feign loyalty to get ahold of land. This practice was still present in the 20th century. -
From 1200- the Present
Includes Units 1-9
By: Meg Thondaiman, Lara Piffaretti, and Ava Stewart
APWH, Viets, Pd 2 -
The Enlightenment was a more contemporary period of thought with significant social themes, the Enlightenment is considered to have rejected traditional themes for Deism, focusing on government, ethics, and science, compared to religion and emotions. It first began in Europe within the 1700s until it later spread to colonies internationally. It had many themes, although the ones it played on the most are considered to be those that are religious and socio-political. -
As the last successor of the previous Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China and thus laid the foundation of what is now known as modern China. Founded in 1644 by Manchus, the dynasty lasted 260 years and fell in 1912. It expanded China's borders to also include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia. It was later replaced by the communist People's Republic of China. The empire had economic, political, and environmental impacts. -
The Thirty Years war began in 1618 as a result of the Protestant Reformation. It lasted until 1648 and was fought between the German protestants, their allies (Sweden, Denmark, and France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain. The war took place in the Holy Roman Empire and was fought due to the emperor wanting to impose Roman Catholicism while the Protestants rebelled. (Political) (European nations) -
Founded by Akbar the Great as a predominantly Muslim state, the Mughal Empire was established from 1526-1857. It had much influence over the vast majority of India. The empire had economic, political, cultural, and environmental impacts. -
Mercantilism was an economic system of the 16th century that originated in Europe. It sought to increase a countries’ wealth almost solely through exports. In order for a country to make more money they should be exporting more than they are importing, during this time Europeans used the colonies solely for their own benefit. Mercantilism ushered in an era of popularized slavery through trade, and left colonies in a position of being unfairly taxed.
(North America & Europe) (Economic) -
Vasco De Gama was a Portuguese sailor who's findings on his voyages had significant economic and environmental impacts. His accomplishments include sailing around the continents of Africa and India, developing new routes through his voyages. This assisted in honing the Indian Ocean Trade and facilitated better trading routes around Africa. His economic impacts reside in the fact that his routes became very lucrative trade pathways for many merchants, especially Europeans. -
The Columbian Exchange signified a new era of trade and commerce on the global stage as it allowed resources from the New World to make their way to the Old World (and vice versa). Goods like cacao, tobacco, and tomatoes were sent from the New World and in return wheat, rice, and bananas were exchanged. However, diseases also were exchanged during the Columbian Exchange like typhus, measles, and smallpox erasing indigenous populations.
(North America & Europe) (Economic) -
The Bubonic Plague, also known as the Black Death, was a deadly disease that spread throughout Europe and Asia. It killed many and in some places wiped out 1/3 of the population. The disease peaked in the late 1340's and early 1350's in Europe due to the especially unsanitary living conditions and overcrowded cities. The disease was able to spread efficiently due to the increase of trade along the Silk road. (Environmental mainly, economic) (Europe and Asia) -
Mansa Musa was the king of the Mali empire and would become one of the wealthiest people to ever exist. He would go on a pilgrimage to Mecca which introduced Islam to the Mali empire. He would go on to develop cultural capitals (like Gao and Timbuktu) and was able to successfully unite Islam in his empire in a peaceful way.
(West Africa) (Social) -
The Abbasid Caliphate existed as relatives of the Islam prophet Muhammad, who overthrew the previous Umayyad dynasty in order to establish their Islamic empire in Baghdad. They consolidated Islamic rule, and thus were able to achieve many great intellectual feats (Golden Age, Islamic cities became centers of learning and innovation).
(Middle East) (Political) -
The Pax Mongolica was an era during the 13th-14th centuries where incredible growth and peace was achieved in Asia and Europe because the Mongols held full control over the territory. The Mongols' control ensured safe trade on the Silk Road, which allowed for cultural diffusion to occur without problems, and would furthermore allow for political stability (primarily in Asia).
(Asia & Europe) (Interaction Between Humans & Environment) -
A class of salaried warriors that rose in the 10th century in feudal Japan. Similar to the nobles in feudal Europe, they would pledge their loyalty to a daimyo (a Japanese feudal lord) in return for payment in land or rice. (Economic and political) (Japan) -
The Seljuk Empire was a Turkic Empire ruled by Sultans that was located in Persia (modern-day Iraq) during the 11th and 12th centuries. This empire established the Turkic people as a majority ethnic group and also gave them more influence that played a large role in the spread of Islam across Asia and Europe. It later came to showcased the weakness of the Abbasid Empire. The empire had economic, political, and environmental impacts. -
The Song Dynasty was a dynasty in China that reigned from 960 - 1279 CE. Many consider it to be the "Golden Age" of China as it occurred when the country underwent much innovation. Examples of it's significant contributions include having a strong navy, creation of the magnetic compass, strong trade relations with countries such as India and Persia, and an abundance of paper money along with gunpowder. The empire had economic, political, and environmental impacts. -
Known to be the richest maritime trading route in the world, with travelers from China to Britain travelling through its waters, the Indian Ocean Trade route was an incredibly important trade factor. Things such as silk, porcelain, spices, incense, and ivory were commonly traded here. The trade had economic, political, and environmental impacts. -
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of land that legally belongs to their king in exchange for the nobles loyalty to the king, their military service, and the protection of people living on the land. Basically a way of having a smaller form of government on a land, while still giving the king full ownership. (Political/Economic) (Europe)
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Refers to the rights granted to all people by God or nature that cannot be denied or taken away. Often discussed by John Locke (an English philosopher) in relation to Enlightenment. The 3 main rights that Locke wrote about were the right to life, liberty, and property. (Political) (Europe, England) -
The Renaissance was a period of cultural rebirth unlike no other, it was an era caused by increased cultural interactions. It would begin in the 14th century and would lead to increased practice of humanism and naturalism. Art would also thrive as private families like the Medici’s funded artists like Da Vinci and Michelangelo. The Renaissance would also lead to the creation of the middle class, as feudalist systems declined.
(Europe) (Culture) -
Diaspora refers to the dispersion of a people from their homeland. An example of this is the dispersion of Muslim merchant communities, leaving their homelands and spreading Islam throughout South East Asia around 1400 A.D. (Environmental, economic and political because of social significance) (South East Asia)
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Martin Luther would speak out against the Catholic Church because he found the popes and priests to be corrupt. In 1517, he would post his 95 theses (against the corruption of the church), and he would be promptly excommunicated. As a result he would spark the Protestant Reformation (period where churches similar to the Catholic Church were created); Luther himself would found the Lutheran church.
(Europe) (Culture) -
An encomienda referred to a grant of land that Spain would give to American settlers, along with the use of any Native's on the land as laborers. Was put into use in the 1500's and allowed for a steady accumulation of wealth for the Spanish Crown as well as conquistadors. (Economic/political) (America's/Spain) -
Officially known to be a joint-stock company, the British East India Company had much economic, political, and environmental influence over India for over 200 years. This colonial power participated in the spices, textiles, cotton, opium, and slave trades. -
Toussaint L'Ouverture would lead the slave rebellion in Haiti or St. Domingue (a colony of France that supplied sugar to France) in 1791. This is after the Haitian slaves got jealous after learning of the French Revolution, because they believed as French citizens they were also entitled to independence. Toussaint would actually succeed and in 1804, Haiti was established as a republic that was independent.
(Caribbean) (Political) -
Popularized during the Enlightenment by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the development of the Social Contract had many socio-political effects. It's purpose was to establish a clear system of governance that prioritized the common good and allowed for security at the expense of select freedoms. Within it, origins of the government and it's duty to the people was laid out. The philosophy was and is very popular among many, especially during the 16th-18th centuries. -
The Opium Wars would be fought against Britain in China, after the Chinese imperial government sought to end the opium trade with Britain (Britain got really rich off of the trade because they got Chinese citizens addicted very quickly). In the end, Britain won and took advantage of the east with institution of unequal treaties (in this case they were treaties made that didn’t benefit China at all while Britain was able to grow influence in China).
(East Asia) (Political) -
From 1884- 1885, the Berlin Conference was a meeting that had prominent economic, political, and environmental impacts. This conference decided on the logistics of how each colonial power was going to colonize Africa. Not one African was present during this meeting and many of the borders set then unfortunately still exist modern-day. -
Formed by nationalist Hindu leaders, the Indian National Congress had two sessions in 1883 and 1885. The purpose of the conference was to rally for India's Independence from Great Britain through organizing numerous forms of protest such as rallies and boycotts. It had significant economic, political, and environmental effects. -
The Young Turks were citizens of the Ottoman Empire that sought reforms (universal suffrage, religious freedom, secularization of government, etc.). They would launch their revolution in 1908 and would then launch a multi party democracy (with Ataturk acting as their force leader).
(Europe) (Political) -
The WTO is an organization that leads and develops the regulations for trade on the global scale (between nations). The significance of the WTO includes being able to build up the trade economy of smaller underdeveloped countries, but more importantly the WTO is the symbol of a globalized world; where the world is more accessible than ever to anyone and anyone.
(Global) (Economic) -
Mao Zedong established the People’s Republic in China in 1949, under a communist totalitarian regime. He built and broke ties with the Soviet Union and would embark on a plan to rid China of foreign capitalist influence (Cultural Revolution) and a plan to grow China (Great Leap Forward). His reforms would not work in the long run. Mao shaped China into a communist country, and would significantly impact the politics of the eastern hemisphere.
(East Asia) (Political) -
Was a way for European nations to justify their racist and imperialistic expansion during the late 19th century. The theory emerged from Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, and applied ideas of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human societies. (Political/economic) (Europe) -
A rebellion started in 1899 in Beijing China by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the foreign presence in their nation. The rebellion was stopped in 1901 by British soldiers and led to a significant decrease in the power and influence of the Qing dynasty (Political) (China) -
Defined as globalized culture and trade, globalization had international economic, political, and environmental effects by changing things like pop culture to social identities. -
A type of economy in which a majority of the employees are engaged in work that involves producing manufactured goods. Examples of these would be Vietnam, Bangladesh, Mexico, and Honduras. (Economic) -
The Balfour Declaration of 1917 officially created Jewish state in Palestine in a letter the British foreign secretary James Balfour sent for, "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people". This was against the wishes of the majority of the Palestinians already living within the area, and considering that Palestine had no control over being under British sovereignty after World War II, the fact that this ruling is still put into action shocks many. -
Nelson Mandela was a very active member of the African National Congress (a group dedicated to the removal of segregation and racist system, primarily in South Africa), however, he would be jailed for 27 years for it. When released in 1990, he would push South Africa towards multi-racial elections, and was elected the first president of South Africa. He brought equality to South Africa and would inspire many African countries to seek equality peacefully.
(Southern Africa) (Social) -
A plan by Joseph Stalin in 1928 which purpose was to improve the Soviet Union's economy after WWII by improving heavy industry and farm output. However it backfired when farmers began burning their crops and led to a mass famine. (Economic, political, slightly environmental) (Soviet Union) -
The Holocaust was the genocide of the Jewish people (as well as Roma gypsies, homosexuals, people of color, and political opponents of Adolf Hitler) that would take place during WWII. An estimated 11 million would die during the Holocaust, because Hitler (and the Nazi party) wanted to cleanse Europe of the Jews. This led to the creation many organizations like the United Nations, to prevent such human atrocities.
(Europe) (Social) -
Formally known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Bank is a faction of the United Nations (UN) that makes loans to countries for economic development, hosts trade promotion, and debt consolidation. It's themes are centered around economic and political identities. -
The Cold war was a socio-political and economic conflict between the U.S. and Russia which largely occurred due to ideological conflict (capitalism vs. communism) between the two world superpowers. Although there was never direct confrontation, many proxy wars were fought (such as those in Korea and Vietnam) and the threat of a nuclear war was tensely felt. -
After WWII, the U.S. sought to prevent the spread of communism. So, in order to directly compete with the communist east of Europe, they sent millions in financial aid to western Europe through the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was supposed to show the world that under capitalism economies can flourish and develop very quickly, while communism remained ineffective; and this would work as the west developed incredibly, leaving the Eastern Bloc weak.
(Europe) (Economic) -
An agricultural revolution that started in the 1960's. It focused on increasing production of agricultural goods through improving seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation systems. The emergence of this revolution helped support the rising of Asian populations. (environmental) (Asia/Developing countries) -
Modeled after Joseph Stalin's Five Year Plan, it was a plan created by Mao Zedong to use China's large population to transform the economy into an industrial based society. However the plan led to extreme famine and the deaths of over 45 million people. (Economic, political, slightly environmental) (China) -
A network of Islamic terrorist organizations founded in 1988 and led by Osama bin Laden. It carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001 (Political/environmental) (Iraq)
