-
Indentured Servants
These were colonists who recieved free passage to North America inexchange for working without pay. They usually worked fro 7 years. -
Headright System
Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres. Tis land was given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. -
House of Burgesses
First elected legislative assembly int he New World. Established by the Colony of Virginia. -
Middle Passage
Voyage that brought African slaves to North america. The slaves were brought across the Atlantic ocean. -
Great Puritan Migration
Puritan migration from England to North America. Happened i the 1620s ot the 1640s becasue the church of England was beyond reform. -
Salme Witch Trials
Outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Puritan village. Marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and stress. -
City on a Hill
John Winthrop wanted the Massachusetts Bay colony to be a Puritan model society based on Christian principles. Puritans tried to live perfect lives. -
Harvard College
First American college, ofunded in Cambridge Massachusetts. The Massachusetts general court founded Harvard. -
Halfway Covenant
A Puritan church document that allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Purita church. Lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members. -
King Phillip's War
A series of battles in New HApmshire between the Colonists and the Wompanowogs. Started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local indians. -
Bill of Rights
Rights that stated: No law can be suspended by the king, no taxes raised, no army maintained except for parliamentary consent. Established after The Glorious Revolution. -
Deism
A deist is pne who believes in God, but denies supernatural revelation. Deists don't follow a specific religion. -
Great Awakening
A religious movement characterized by emotional preaching. The first cultural movement to unite the 13 colonies. -
Boston Tea Party
A protest against british tsxes in which boston colonists disguised as Indians dumped valuable tea into the boston harbor. They stained the boston harbor for 10 years. -
George Whitefield
Stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed faith in Jesus Christ. He was credited with starting the Great Awakening -
Jonathan Edwards
Preacher in New England who helped set off the Great Awakening. Best known for his sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" -
Albany Plan
Plan propsed by Ban Franklin that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes. The plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown. -
Proclamation of 1763
A proclamation from the British government which forbade british colonists from settling west of the appalachian mountains. Required an settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. -
Pontiac's Rebellion
It was an Indian uprising after the French and Indian war led by an Ottowa Chief neamed Pontiac. They opposed British exapnsion into the western Ohio calley and began destroying British forts in the area. -
Paxton Boys
A group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from indian attacks. Their ideas started a Regulator Movement in North Carolina. -
Sugar Act
The british were deeply in debt because of the French and Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. -
Sons of Liberty
A radiacl political organization formed after the passage of the Stamp Acto to protest various British acts. The Sons of Liberty used both peaceful and violent means of protest. -
Quartering Act
Requires colonists to provide food and hospitality in their own homes to British troops. Many colonists saw it as an encroaachment on their rights. -
Boston Massacre
It was the first bloodshed of the American Revolution. British guards at the Bostom Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing 5 americans -
Loyalists
American colonists who remained loyal to the British government. They opposed the war for independence from Britain. -
Gaspee Affair
Rhode island colonists boarded the HMS Gaspee, a british ship. The colonists then looted it, burned, and sank it. -
Tea Act
Led to the Boston Tea Party. An act that eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. -
Intolerable Act
A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts. Caused Britain to pass these laws because of teh Boston Tea Party protest against the British. -
Olive Branch Petition
An offer of peace sent from America. The Second Continental Congress sent it to King George III. -
Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"
Paine argues for independence refocusing hostility towards British Parliament. Before Paine, few colonists thought that independence from Britain was even an option. -
Battle of Saratoga
It was the turning point in the American revolution. It was important because it convinced the french to give the US military support. -
Land Ordinance of 1785
A law that divided muhc of the US into a system of townships. It's purpose was facilitate the sale of land to settlers. -
3/5 Compromise
Compromise that counted slaves as 3/5 of a person. Compromise proposed for taxation and population representation. -
Roger Williams
Roger Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island in 1790. It was important because it had relgious freedom. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The whiskey rebellion was a protest caused by the tax on liquor. Washington's response showed the govdrnment's strength and mercy. -
Samuel Slater
Escaped Britain with memorized plans fro the textile machinery and put into operation of the first spinning cotton thread in 1791. He was named the "Father o =f the Factory System" in America. -
Eli Whitney
An American inventor who who developed the cotton gin. He also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike. -
Jay's Treaty
Jay's Treaty said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. Americans had to paybritish merchants debts owed from before the revolution. -
Washington's Farewell Address
Waned agaisnt furture foreign alliences and political parties. Also called for the unity of the country and established precedent of two-term presidency. -
Alien and Sedition Acts
Laws passed by a federal-dominated congress. They were aimed at protecting the government from treasonous ideas, actions, and people. -
Barbary Pirates
Plundering pirates off the Meditarranian Coast of Africa. Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect americna ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations -
Lousiana Purchase
The U.S. purchased land from the Mississippi river to the Rocky mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. The constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase. -
Marbury v. Madison
Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Cheif Justice Marshall said the law gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. Establshed Judicial Review. -
Embargo Act of 1807
An act that ended all of America's importationa and exportation. Jefferson hoped that the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. -
Tecumseh
A Shawnee chief who worked to unite the Northwestern Indian Tribes. Tecumseh was killed while fighting for the British in the War of 1812. -
War Hawks
The War Hawks had their eyes on what was left of Spanish Florida. Congress declared war on Britain in 1812. -
Impressment
A British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service. -
Treaty of Ghent
The treaty that ended the war of 1812. Helped maintain prewar conditions. -
Hartford Convention
Federalist meeting in which the party listed it's complaints against the rulings of of the republican party. These actions were viewed as traitorous to the country. -
American System
An economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements. It emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. -
Erie Canal
"Clinton's Big Ditch" that transformed transportation and economic life across the great lakes region from buffalo to chicago. -
Monroe Doctrine
A statement by President James Monroe to congress about foreign policy. It said that Europe should not interfere in affairs in the United States. -
Corrupt Bargain
Refers to the presidential election of 1824 between Adams and Jackson. Henry CLay convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than JAckson. -
Gibbons vs Ogden
Supreme court decision that ruled that the constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the US congress, not the individual states through which a route passed. -
Nullification
Nullification is a legal theory that any US state has the right to invalidate any federal law. The state can nullify the law if the state deems it unconstitutional. -
Independent Treasury
President Van Buren's plan to keep gpvernment funds in it's own vaults and do business entirely in hard money. It was instead of keeping them in deposits within shaky banks. -
Compact Theory
Stated that the 13 sovereign states had entered into a contract that allowed the government to rule while states would regulate it. It was used to reject the Alien and Sedition Acts. -
Tariff of Abominations
It raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. It protected the North but not the South. The south said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated states' rights. -
Transcendentalism
The philosophy was pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Belief that each person has direct communication wth God and Nature and there is no need for organized churches. -
Force Act
Jackson's response to SC's nullification of the Tariff of 1832. It enabled him to make Sc to comply with force. -
Gag rule
Law passed by southern congress that made it illegal to talk of abolition and anti slavery arguments in congress -
DeTocqueville/Democracy in America
Classic French Text by Alexis DeTocqueville on the united states in the 1830s and its strengths and weaknesses. It explained why republicanism succeeded in the US and failed elsewhere. -
Specie Circular
It was issued by president Jackson to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold and silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of pubic lands be paid for in specie. -
Trail of Tears
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas more than 800 miles to the Indian territory. -
Popular sovereignty
A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. People should be able to decide on the condition of their state. -
Wilmot Proviso
A bill that would ban slavery in thee territories acquired after the war with mexico. Calhoun was against this with his compact theory that the government was created by the states. -
Mexican- American War
The war between the united states and mexico. Resulted in America acquiring one half of mexico's territory. -
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
The treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ended the Mexican war. Mexico gave up claims to Texas and accepted the Rio Grande River as the border between Mexico and the US. Mexico ceded California and New Mexico for $15 million. -
Compromise of 1850
California was admitted as a free state. Territorial status and popular soverignty of Utah and New Mexico, Resolution of the Texas-New Mexico boundaries, federal assumption of Texas debt, slave trade was abolished in DC, and a new fugitive salve law. The compromise was advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A Douglas. -
Fugitive Slave Law
These laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. It was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
A book abput slavery written by harriet beecher stowe. It persuaded northerners and europeans that slavery was evil and should be eliminated. -
Gadsden Purchase
The US purchased land from mexico and the land inclnuded the southern parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico. The treaty provided for the purchase of the territory through which the stage lines ran. -
Bleeding Kansas
A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-slavery elements. -
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Lincoln forced Douglas to debate the issue of slavery and he said he supported pop-sovereignty. Lincoln supported non extension of slavery. -
Freeport Doctrine
Stephen DOuglas's support of popular sovereignty on the issue of slavery. It espoused during his debates with Lincoln in the Illinois Senate election. -
Trent Affair
In 1861, the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A union ship captured both men and took them to boston as prisoners. -
Antebellum
Name given to the period before a war. In this case, the period before the civil war that started in 1861. -
Homestead Act
Provided free land in the west to anyone wwilling to settle there and develope the land. It encouraged westward migration. -
Morrill Land Grant
The federal gvmt had donated land to the states for the establishment if colleges. As a result, 69 land grant institutions were established. -
Black Codes
They're laws denying most legal rightsto newly freed slaves. It was passed by southern states following the Civil War. -
13th Amendment
Abolishes Slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime -
Freedman's Bureau
An agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs. -
Cult of Domesticity
Idealized view of women and homes. Women known as the self-less caregiver of children and refuge for husbands. -
Salvation Army
Established by methodist minister William Booth and his wife Catherine to bring salvation to the poor through food etc. -
Tenure of Office Act
An act that forbade the president from removing civil officers without senetorial consent. It was passed to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet. -
Civil Rights Act of 1866
It declared that African Americans were entitled to "equal benefit of all laws...enjoyed by white citizens. -
14th Amendment
Gives ctizenship to African Americans, repealed the 3/5 compromise, rejected confederate debts, and denied former confederate officials from holding national or state office -
"Waving the Bloody Shirt"
"Waving the bloody shirt" refers to the practice of politicians making reference to the blood of martyrs or heroes to criticize opponents. The phrase gained popularity when Benjamin Franklin Butler of Massachusetts, allegedly held up a shirt stained with the blood of a carpetbagger whipped by the Ku Klux Klan when making a speech on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives -
15th Amendment
Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or precious condition of servitude -
Credit Mobilier Scandal
A railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad construction for their own personal use. -
John D Rockefeller
Started his oil busniess Standard Oil Company in 1870. He bought out all of his competition so his oil business would be the biggest. -
Andrew Carnegie
He constructed the first steel mill in Pennsylvania. He usd the Bessemer Process to manufacture steel quicker. -
Gilded Age
The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. The term was coined by writer Mark Twain. -
"Crime of '73"
In 1873, Congress had discontinued the minting of silver dollars, an action later stigmatized by friends of silver as the Crime of '73. -
Compromsie of 1877
The compromsie ended reconstruction. Republicans Promise:
1.Remove military from south
2. appoint democrat to cabinet
3.federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river -
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965 -
Young Men's Christian Association
an international organization that promotes the spiritual, intellectual, social, and physical welfare originally of young men -
Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur. It was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers. -
Pendleton Act
A United States federal law which established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation -
Haymarket Incident
The Haymarket affair was the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago. -
Dawes Act
It was a bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian Tribes. -
Sherman Anti-trust act
A landmark federal statute in the history of United States antitrust law, or ocmpetition law, passed by Congress in 1890. Proteccted businesses. -
Teller Amendment
The Teller Amendment was an amendment in reply to President William McKinley's War Message. It placed a condition on the United States military's presence in Cuba. -
Pragmatism
An American movement in philosophy founded by William James and marked by the doctrines that the meaning of conceptions is to be sought in their practical bearings, that the function of thought is to guide action, and that truth is preeminently to be tested by the practical consequences of belief -
Muckrakers
The term muckraker was used in the Progressive Era to characterize reform-minded American journalists who wrote largely for all popular magazines. The modern term is investigative journalism, and investigative journalists today are often informally called "muckrakers." -
Open Door Policy
The Open Door Policy is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, as enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 and dispatched to the major European powers. -
Progressive Movement
Progressivism is the term applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social problems rapid industrialization introduced to America. Progressivism began as a social movement and grew into a political movement. The early progressives rejected Social Darwinism. -
Insular Cases
A series of opinions by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1901, about the status of U.S. territories acquired in the Spanish-American War. The Supreme Court held that full constitutional rights do not automatically. -
Big Stick Policy
Big Stick ideology, Big Stick diplomacy, or Big Stick policy refers to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy: "speak softly, and carry a big stick." -
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty was a treaty signed on November 18, 1903, by the United States and Panama, which established the Panama Canal Zone and the subsequent construction of the Panama Canal. -
Wobblies
The Industrial Workers of the World, members of which are commonly termed "Wobblies", is an international labor union that was founded in 1905. -
The Jungle Upton Sinclair
The Jungle is a 1906 novel written by the American journalist and novelist Upton Sinclair. Sinclair wrote the novel to portray the harsh conditions and exploited lives of immigrants in the United States in Chicago and similar industrialized cities. -
Pure Food and Drug Act
A law passed to remove harmful and misrepresented foods and drugs from the market and regulate the manufacture and sale of drugs and food involved in interstate trade. -
Dollar Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy of the United States was a form of American foreign policy to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries. -
16th Amendment
The amendment that allows the federal government to collect an income tax from all Americans. Income tax allows for the federal government to keep an army, build roads and bridges, enforce laws and carry out other important duties. -
Bull Moose Party
A former political party in the United States founded by Theodore Roosevelt during the presidential campaign of 1912. Its emblem was a picture of a bull moose and it was also known as the progressive Party. -
New Nationalism
New Nationalism was Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election. -
Federal Reserve System
The Federal Reserve System, often referred to as the Federal Reserve or simply "the Fed," is the central bank of the United States. It was created by the Congress to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system -
17th Amendment
The 17th amendment modified Article I, section 3, of the Constitution by allowing voters to cast direct votes for U.S. Senators. Prior to its passage, Senators were chosen by state legislatures. -
Federal Trade Commission
a federal agency, established in 1914, that administers antitrust and consumer protection legislation in pursuit of free and fair competition in the marketplace. -
Lusitania
British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic. It was one of the events leading to U.S. entry into World War I -
Committee on Public Information
The Committee on Public Information, also known as the CPI or the Creel Committee, was an independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I. -
Zimmerman Telegram
An internal diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of the United States' entering World War I against Germany. -
Food Administration
Under the direction of Herbert Hoover the U.S. Food Administration employed its Grain Corporation, organized under the provisions of the Food Control Act of August 10, 1917, as an agency for the purchase and sale of foodstuff. -
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. -
League of Nations
An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. The League, the forerunner of the United Nations, brought about much international cooperation on health, labor problems, refugee affairs, etc. -
Fourteen Points
Fourteen goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. President Woodrow Wilson announced the Fourteen Points to Congress in early 1918. -
Article X
Article X of the Covenant of the League of Nations is the section calling for assistance to be given to a member that experiences external aggression. It was signed by the major Peacemakers, or Allied Forces, following the First World War, most notably Britain and France. -
18th Amendment
Established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol illegal. -
NAACP
the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, is a civil rights organization to fight prejudice, lynching, and Jim Crow segregation, and to work for the betterment of "people of color." W. E.B. -
19th Amendment
Granted women the right to vote. The 19th amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote. -
Lost Generation
the generation that came of age during World War I. The term was popularized by Ernest Hemingway, who used it as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel, The Sun Also Rises. -
Palmer Raids
a series of raids by the United States Department of Justice intended to capture, arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States. The raids and arrests occurred in November 1919 and January 1920 under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. -
National Origins Act
A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. -
Scopes Trial
The trial of John Scopes, a high school teacher in Tennessee, for teaching the theory of evolution in violation of state law. The trial was held in 1925, with eminent lawyers on both sides — William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution and Clarence Darrow for the defense. -
Harlem Renaissance
The cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. During this period Harlem was a cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars. -
Hoovervilles
a shantytown built by unemployed and destitute people during the Depression of the early 1930s -
Keynesian Economics
the various theories about how in the short run, and especially during recessions, economic output is strongly influenced by aggregate demand -
Scottsboro Boys
nine black teenagers accused in Alabama of raping two White American women on a train. The landmark set of legal cases from this incident dealt with racism and the right to a fair trial. -
Stimson Doctrine
a policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932, to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force. -
20th Amendment
Sets the dates at which federal government elected offices end. In also defines who succeeds the president if the president dies -
21st Amendment
The 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment which prohibited the sale of alcohol. -
National Industrial Recovery Act
a law passed by the United States Congress in 1933 to authorize the President to regulate industry in an attempt to raise prices after severe deflation and stimulate economic recovery. -
New Deal
a series of programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. -
Neutrality Acts
Laws passed to limit U.S. involvement in future wars. They were based on the widespread disillusionment with World War I in the early 1930s and the belief that the United States had been drawn into the war through loans and trade with the Allies. -
National Labor Relations Act
protects the rights of employees and employers, to encourage collective bargaining, and to curtail certain private sector labor and management practices, which can harm the general welfare of workers, businesses and the U.S. economy. -
Social Security Act
A law enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935 to create a system of transfer payments in which younger, working people support older, retired people. -
Court Packing Scheme
was a legislative initiative proposed by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court. -
Sit Down Strike
a form of civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers, usually employed at factories or other centralized locations, take possession of the workplace by "sitting down" at their stations, effectively preventing their employers from replacing them with strikebreakers or, in some cases -
Federal Labor Standards Act
FLSA establishes minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and youth employment standards affecting employees in the private sector and in Federal, State, and local governments -
America First Committee
the foremost non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II. Peaking at 800,000 paid members in 450 chapters, it was one of the largest anti-war organizations in American history. -
Destroyer Deal
FDR approves the “destroyers for bases” deal with Great Britain. Through this deal, the United States transferred destroyers to the British Navy in exchange for leases for British naval and air bases. -
Bay of Pigs
an unsuccessful invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles, supported by the U.S. government where an armed force of about 1,500 Cuban exiles landed in the Bahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) on the south coast of Cuba. -
Gideon v. Wainwright
the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants charged with serious offenses who cannot afford lawyers themselves. The case began with the 1961 arrest of Clarence Earl Gideon. -
Peace Corps
The Peace Corps is a volunteer program run by the United States government. The stated mission of the Peace Corps includes providing technical assistance, helping people outside the United States to understand American culture, and helping Americans to understand the cultures of other countries. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
A confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missile sites in Cuba; one of the “hottest” periods of the cold war. -
Great Society
a domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs. -
Lee Harvey Oswald
The presumed assassin of President John F. Kennedy. Oswald allegedly shot Kennedy from a high window of a building in Dallas on November 22, 1963, as Kennedy rode down the street in an open car. -
Economic Opportunity Act
authorized the formation of local Community Action Agencies as part of the War on Poverty. These agencies are directly regulated by the federal government. -
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
authorizing President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment -
Affirmative Action
affirmative action refers to admission policies that provide equal access to education for those groups that have been historically excluded or underrepresented, such as women and minorities. -
Miranda v. Arizona
the Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination. -
Huey Newton (Black Panthers)
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. The Panthers practiced militant self-defense of minority communities against the U.S. government, and fought to establish revolutionary socialism through mass organizing and community based programs -
Supply-side Economics
a macroeconomic theory which argues that economic growth can be most effectively created by investing in capital, and by lowering barriers on the production of goods and services. -
Stagflation
is a situation in which the inflation rate is high, the economic growth rate slows, and unemployment remains steadily high. -
Kent State
unarmed students demonstrating against United States involvement in the Vietnam War were fired on by panicky troops of the National Guard. Four students were killed and nine wounded. The shooting occurred at Kent State University in Ohio. -
Vietnamization
a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to "expand, equip, and train South Vietnam's forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops." -
SALT I Treaty
For the first time during the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union had agreed to limit the number of nuclear missiles in their arsenals -
War powers act
a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. -
Roe v Wade
The Supreme Court case that held that the Constitution protected a woman's right to an abortion prior to the viability of the fetus; thus, government regulation of abortions must meet strict scrutiny in judicial review. -
Washington Outsider
Jimmy Carter, a Democrat, was elected president in a narrow victory over Gerald Ford in 1976. A former governor of Georgia, Carter presented himself as a political outsider, uncorrupted by Washington. -
Bakke v Board of Regents
a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy. -
Camp David Accord
signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David. The two framework agreements were signed at the White House, and were witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter. -
Reaganomics
A popular term used to refer to the economic policies of Ronald Reagan, which called for widespread tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, and the deregulation of domestic markets. -
Equal Rights Amendment
a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for women. The ERA was originally written by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman. In 1923, it was introduced in the Congress for the first time.