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Pass laws were designed to control the movement of Africans under apartheid. These laws evolved from regulations imposed by the Dutch and British in the 18th and 19th-century slave economy of the Cape Colony. In the 19th century, new pass laws were enacted for the purpose of ensuring a reliable supply of cheap, docile African labor for the gold and diamond mines. -
The advocated for more representation in government for educated Indian elites. Called for minor social reforms, and advocated for increased communication between British Raj and local elites. -
This was the day Israel was established as a complete state. It was created to be a safe place for Jews to be protected from prosecution after many years of debate with Zionism.
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The Persian Constitutional Revolution, also known as the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, took place between 1905 and 1911 during the Qajar dynasty. The revolution led to the establishment of a parliament in Persia, and has been called an "epoch-making episode in the modern history of Persia". This revolution also encompassed a broad spectrum of ideas and objectives. -
Initially backed by the British, sought to primarily secure rights for Indian Muslims. Worked partially alongside the British Raj to raise representation and awareness of issues affecting Indian Muslims. Initially favored British rule, but adopted Indian self-rule as their main goal in 1913. -
Establishing territorial foundations, the homelands constituted only 13% of the land—for approximately 75% of the population. -
The Balfour Declaration was a public pledge by Britain in 1917 declaring its aim to establish “a national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine. This was also a direct outcome of a sustained effort by the Zionist Organization to establish a Jewish State in Palestine. -
Gandhi used the term "Civil Disobedience" to describe his strategy of non-violently refusing to cooperate with injustice. For example he lead hunger strikes, worker strikes, and protests -
In 1922, Gandhi was arrested, charged, and imprisoned till 1924. While in prison he went on a hunger strike to protest non-violently. He also advocated for Indian self-rule during this time. This movement was interrupted by the breakout of WWI. British used Indians to help them in the war, but eventually in 1942, Gandhi drafted a resolution for Britain to quit India, followed by mass protests and demonstrations against the war. In 1947, Britain officially withdraws from India.
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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule. He inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.
He launched the Quit India campaign. -
The PLO also known as the Palestine Liberation Organization was made to liberate Palestine and create an Arab state. The PLO was created at an Arab summit meeting in 1964 in order to bring various Palestinian groups together under one organization, but at first, it did little to enhance Palestinian self-determination. -
A policy of passive political resistance, especially that advocated by Mahatma Gandhi against British rule in India Examples: Salt March and other protests -
The Salt March was a major nonviolent protest action in India led by Gandhi while he was in prison. This was a march to go against the British rule and law about not being able to grow or own your own salt. -
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, also known as Mohammad Reza Shah, was the last Shah of the Imperial State of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow in the Islamic Revolution on 11 February 1979. Owing to his status, he was usually known as the Shah. Reza Shah introduced many social, economic, and political reforms during his reign, ultimately laying the foundation of the modern Iranian state. Therefore, he is regarded as the founder of modern Iran. -
This group used methods of non-violent resistance to demand freedom from British rule. It was to raise public awareness and create a feeling of patriotism and national unity among the Indian people. -
This was the political organization in colonial Kenya. This was created to help in advancing African interests, constitutional reforms, and fighting for better living and working conditions for Africans. -
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a barrister, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, and then as the Dominion of Pakistan's first governor-general until his death. -
Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian anti-colonial nationalist, secular humanist, social democrat, statesman, and author who was a central figure in India during the middle of the 20th century. Nehru was a principal leader of the Indian nationalist movement in the 1930s and 1940s. -
This was the change of political borders and the division of other assets that accompanied the dissolution of the British Raji. This was the creation of two independent dominions; India and Pakistan, splitting Muslims and Hindus. -
A bunch of public laws were passed to separate Native African Americans and White African Americans. These laws dictated where South Africans, on the basis of their race, could live and work, the type of education they could receive, and whether they could vote.
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This was a protest march by unarmed ex-servicemen who were agitating for their benefits as Veterans of World War ll. This protest was broken up by police leaving three leaders of the group dead. -
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, it set out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected. -
The large-scale removals of Africans, Indians, and Coloureds were carried out to implement the Group Areas Act, which mandated residential segregation throughout the country. More than 860,000 people were forced to move in order to divide and control racially-separate communities at a time of growing organized resistance to apartheid in urban areas; the removals also worked to the economic detriment of Indian shop owners.
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The government enacted an even more rigid law that required all African males over the age of 16 to carry a “reference book” containing personal information and employment history. -
These detention camps were created by the British to secure anyone who opposed colonial rule or was suspected to be a part of the Mau Mau. They took many elderly, children, and adults from their homes and used extreme methods of torture on them in the camps, claiming they were terrorists. -
This is a tribe of Bantu-speaking people who live in the highland area of south-central Kenya, near Mount Kenya. They were known for their main economic activities: trade, agriculture, and livestock keeping. They grow many crops including potatoes, bananas, millet, maize, beans, and vegetables. Other common cash crops grown include tea, coffee, and rice. They provided a majority of the people apart of the Mau Mau. -
Protest against these humiliating laws fueled the anti-apartheid struggle
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This was a movement led by Francis Kwame Nkrumah. During this time Ghana became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Nkrumah transformed the country into a republic with himself as president.
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The Mau Mau were a group of African Americans the advocated violent resistance to British domination in Kenya. The Rebellion was basically a war that was going on in Kenya fighting for Kenyan independence. They were not successful and were defeated eventually.
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The Cuban Revolution was a military and political effort to overthrow the government of Cuba between 1953 and 1959. It began after the 1952 Cuban coup d'état which placed Fulgencio Batista as head of state and the failed mass strike in opposition that followed.
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The vibrant multi-racial community was destroyed by government bulldozers when these areas were declared “white.”
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Massive women's protest in Pretoria -
The idea is that people of African descent have common interests and should be unified. Basically, the attempt to create a sense of brotherhood and collaboration among all people of African descent whether they lived inside or outside of Africa. -
A nationalist movement in the Belgian Congo demanded the end of colonial rule. There were reports of widespread murder, torture, and other abuses in the rubber plantations that led to international and Belgian outrage and the Belgian government transferred control of the region from Leopold II and established the Belgian Congo in 1908. Following the unrest, Belgium granted Congo independence in June 1960.
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Pol Pot was a Cambodian revolutionary, dictator, and politician who ruled Cambodia as Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea between 1976 and 1979. He was also the leader of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. -
Abolished indirect representation of blacks in Pretoria and divided Africans into ten ethnically discrete groups, each assigned a traditional “homeland.” -
Many Africans went to the sheriff's station. There they burned their passes in front of the station in Sharpeville. Then 69 protesters were shot dead. -
The apartheid government forcibly moved 3.5 million black South Africans in one of the largest mass removals of people in modern history.
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A cornerstone of the “grand apartheid” policy. Justified by the apartheid government as benevolent “separate development.
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Patrick Loch Otieno Lumumba is a Kenyan who served as the Director of the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission from September 2010 to August 2011. Since 2014, Lumumba has been the Director of The Kenya School of Law. He was the leader of the Congolese National Movement from 1958 until his execution in January 1961. Ideologically an African nationalist and pan-Africanist, he played a significant role in the transformation of the Congo from a colony of Belgium into an independent republic. -
Francis Kwame Nkrumah was a Ghanaian politician, political theorist, and revolutionary. He was the first Prime Minister and President of Ghana, having led the Gold Coast to independence from Britain in 1957. -
Formally no one knows who actually killed Patrice Lumumba. But, there are many theories that he was killed by the Belgian Government and some think that someone inside of the Congo killed him. He didn't have a great relationship with the Belgians and kept arguing with them which lead them to believe that they were who assassinated him. -
Hosted in the United Kingdom being hosted by Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan. This was were the British negotiated ways to enter EEC and the impact on Commonwealth trade, This meeting saw the expansion of the Commonwealth to include several newly sovereign countries in Africa and the Caribbean. -
The aggressive modernization program that was implemented in Iran in 1963 and continued until 1979. The reforms, undertaken by Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, upended the wealth and influence of the traditional landowning classes, altered rural economies, and led to rapid urbanization and Westernization. This was far-reaching series of reforms resulting in aggressive modernization -
Jomo Kenyatta CGH was a Kenyan anti-colonial activist and politician who governed Kenya as its Prime Minister from 1963 to 1964 and then as its first President from 1964 to his death in 1978. He was the country's first president and played a significant role in the transformation of Kenya from a colony of the British Empire into an independent republic. Ideologically an African nationalist and conservative, he led the Kenya African National Union (KANU) party from 1961 until his death. -
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and socialist reforms were implemented throughout society. -
The Cambodian Civil War was a war between Cambodian Communists and the Cambodian Republic and its allies. This was a very bloody civil war with the Vietnamese also invading during that time. Over 275,000–310,000, people were killed with a huge refugee crisis of over 2 million people.
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Six memorable days, known to Israelis as the Six-Day War and to Arabs and others as the 1967 War, redrew the region's landscape in fundamental ways. In those six days, Israel defeated three Arab armies, gained territory four times its original size, and became the preeminent military power in the region. -
The vibrant multi-racial community was destroyed by government bulldozers when these areas were declared “white.” -
It was declared that all Africans were citizens of the "homelands" rather than South Africa as a whole. This was a step towards the government's ultimate goal of having no African citizens in South Africa. -
Many Africans found in violation of past laws were stripped of citizenship and deported to poverty-stricken rural “homelands.”
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They had a vision of creating a country without class, where everyone was equal. However, they were very brutal and started executing everyone who was middle or upper class. Anyone who was smarter or looked better was executed in public. Everyone had to eat the same thing and do the same job or they would be killed. They invaded Vietnam, failing miserably causing them to flee into the forest. Pol Pot died mysteriously and the Khmer leaders were forgiven for their actions with no consequences. -
Four homelands "Transkei, Venda, Bophuthatswana, and Ciskei" were declared “independent” by Pretoria, and eight million Africans lost their South African citizenship.
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The Iranian Revolution, also called Islamic Revolution, Enelāb-e Eslāmī (in Farsi), was a popular uprising in the Muslim-majority country of Iran in 1978–79 that resulted in the toppling of the authoritarian government led by the Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. The 1979 Islamic Revolution led the Saudis not only to accelerate their efforts to spread Wahhabism through their global infrastructure but also to debunk Khomeini's vision of Islam by underscoring its Shia identity
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This is when the Iranians held American diplomats, hostage, for 444 days. This was an internal crisis where militants seized 66 U.S. citizens in Tehrān and held 52 of them, hostage, for more than a year. The people who held them hostage were college students. -
Ruhollah Khomeini, also known as Ayatollah Khomeini, was an Iranian political and religious leader who served as the first supreme leader of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989. He was known for leading an Islamic revolution in Iran, taking the country away from the political leader called the Shah, and running Iran as a theocracy from 1979 until his death in 1989. -
Africans resisted being moved from Crossroads to the new government-run Khayelitsha township farther away; 18 people were killed and 230 were injured. -
Increasingly expensive and ineffective pass laws were repealed. It led to more than 17 million arrests. -
Only to those people who were born outside the four “independent” homelands. -
Palestine, is the area of the eastern Mediterranean region, comprising parts of modern Israel and the Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip (along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea) and the West Bank. This state was established by the Balfour Declaration and created to be a safe place for Jews, Christians and Muslims. -
All homelands were reabsorbed into South Africa. -
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid activist and politician who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. Mandela is considered the father of Modern South Africa. He was instrumental in tearing down the oppressive government and installing democracy.