-
Period: 1300 to 1450
Italian Renaissance
The Renaissance was the move away from earlier European patterns. It began with the Renaissance. It also challenged medieval intellectual values and styles. -
1490
France and Spain invade Italian city-states; beginning of Italian decline
The French and Spanish monarchs invaded the peninsula, reducing pontifical independence. At the same time. The new Atlantic trade routes had reduced Mediterranean imports. These things were a large obstacle for Italy. -
1517
Luther’s 95 theses; beginning of Protestant Reformation
A German Monk, Martin Luther made a document of 95 propositions in which he publicly protested claims made by the papal authority. For he believed that one could only be saved through salvation. -
Period: 1541 to 1564
Calvin in Geneva
Jean Calvin, was a French theologian that inspired many significant churches. His base was in the Swiss city of Geneva. He made Calvanism-God’s predestination or prior determination of those who would be saved. -
1543
Copernican revolution; Copernicus’s work on astronomy
Nicolaus Copernicus was a polish monk in the 16th century. He discovered or supposedly discovered that planets moved around the sun rather than the earth. Thus proving the Greeks wrong. However, other groups such as the Chinese, Mayan and Indian already discovered this. Add to which researchers also found similar finding to those of Copernicus by two Arabs. -
Period: to
Thirty Years War
The Thirty. Years war was when German Protestants allows themselves with Lutheran Sweden’s against the Holy Roman Empire (defended by Spain). It took place in Germany, Nd it was caused because French Kong’s continued to cut back on the etc of Nantes of 1598. The result was devastating to German power. -
Period: to
Reign of Louis XIV, France; Absolute Monarchy
The model for absolute monarchy was in France. French kings started building up their power in the 17th century. Then, they stopped have meetings with parliament and passed la was as they saw necessary. They appointed a growing bureaucracy, blew up castles of nobles, sent direct representatives to the outlying provinces and profession led the army. -
Period: to
Decline of Witchcraft triails
The witchcraft trials started to decline as a result of the scientific Revolution. As the beliefs in witchcraft began to decrease, magistrates (civil officer or lay judge) became more and more reluctant to continue the witchcraft accusations in court after approximately 1670. -
Period: to
Glorious Revolution in Britain; parliamentary monarchy; some religions toleration; political writing of John Locke;
The Glorious Revolution, happened because the English civil wars caused a final political settlement in 1688 and 1689. It was the English overthrow of James’s II. The result was the parliament sovereign over the king. Britain and the Netherlands had a parliamentary monarchy. English parliament no longer depended on a king to convene. -
Period: to
Seven Years War: France, Britain, Prussia and Austrian
Britain and France faced off, and their problems or conflicts were focused on battles for colonial empire. Sustainable and Prussian were also fighting. Through this, Prussia did end up gaining new land. Wars in the 18th century were luckily not devastating. However, it did show the continuous theme of the west, in which statecraft and war were being linked together.