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Period: 1422 to 1461
France: Charles VII Reign. ECONOMICS
taxes on land and products, first permanent royal army -
Period: 1422 to 1471
England: Henry VI Reign. POLITICS
Started the War of the Roses -
1450
Holy Roman Empire: Printing Press. SOCIAL
Gutenberg invented the printing press, allowing the spread of education and information sharing. -
Period: 1450 to 1530
Italy: City States. POLITICS
Italy was divided into city states such as Venice and Florence. Each city state had a different leader. Fertile lands helped trade develop and boosted economy. Renaissance painters such as DiVinci, Michealanglo and Piero Della Francesca had major influence. -
Period: 1450 to
Italy: Renaissance Art. ARTS
Period of intellectual growth in Italy. Renaissance painters such as DiVinci, Michealanglo and Piero Della Francesca had major influence. -
Period: 1450 to
Period 1
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1453
England & France: End of the Hundred Years War. POLITICS
The end to a 116 year war between England and France -
Period: 1455 to 1487
England: War of the Roses. POLITICS
Hurt trade which was bad for the economy -
Period: 1474 to 1516
Spain: Isabella of Castile & Ferdinand of Aragon. POLITICS
Used slaves to help the Spanish economy -
Period: 1483 to 1546
Holy Roman Empire: Renaissance Changes Religion. RELIGION
Printing press allowed more people access to read the Bible. Martin Luther sparks the Protestant Reformation which created a split in the Catholic faith -
Period: 1488 to
ALL: Commercial Revolution. ECONOMICS
Start of European colonization of the rest of the world, driven mainly by England and Spain, enabled by innovations in map-making and navigational tools. -
Period: 1532 to 1534
England: Reformation. RELIGIOUS
The Catholic Church opposed Henry VIII on an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Henry VIII then split the English church from Rome to form a Protestant church of which he was the Head. Opinions were divided in England on the new Church, people who stayed loyal to Rome were persecuted -
Period: 1533 to
Russia: Ivan IV Reign. POLITICS
Often known as Ivan the Terrible, he persecuted the Boyars who opposed him and he focused on making the Russian people socially and culturally different from the rest of Europe -
Period: 1543 to
ALL: Scientific Revolution. INTELLECTUAL
Starting with the Copernicus hypothesis that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Universe, this movement challenged societal and religious norms and advanced Mathematics, astronomy, biology and other sciences.Ends with Newtons publication of his laws of gravity -
1555
Holy Roman Empire: Peace of Ausburg. POLITICS
Signed in 1555, it officially recognized Lutheranism and ended religious wars in the Holy Roman Empire -
Period: to
All: Age of Crisis. POLITICS / ECONOMICS
Many significant revolts and economic crises across Europe -
Germany: Kepler's Laws of planetary motion. INTELLECTUAL
Discovered 3 major laws of planetary motion. He discovered the planets moved in elliptical orbits, not perfect circles, around the sun -
Italy: Galileo invents the Galilean telescope. INTELLECTUAL
Astronomer, who also developed the Law of Inertia and the experimental method. He had a conflict with the Church leading to a trial as he supported Copernicus's theories and disproved many ideas supported by the Catholic Church -
Period: to
All: Thirty Years War. POLITICS
Started as a conflict within the Holy Roman Empire between Catholics and Protestants, but even after a peace treaty in 1635 France continued to fight with Spain until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 -
Period: to
England: Charles I Regin. POLITICS
Levied taxes without getting consent of Parliament, leading to the English Civil War -
Period: to
England: English Civil War. POLITICS
Civil war in England between Parliament and the King. Ended with the Battle of Naseby where Parliament's Oliver Cromwell captured King Charles 1st, who was subsequently beheaded. -
Period: to
France: Louis XIV Reign. POLITICS
Centralized French government in Versailles. Consider himself a ruler through "Divine Right" . Revoked the edict of Nante and destroyed the Huguenots.Started wars to expand Frances territory, but these were unsuccessful -
Period: to
Period 2
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England: The Restoration. POLITICS
Thomas Hobbes created a solution in which everyone agreed to be ruled by a King to maintain peace. Charles II returned from exile to become King of England -
Period: to
Russia: Peter the Great Reign. POLITICS
Expanded Russia's borders, including to the Black Sea so Russia was no longer landlocked. he encouraged the spread of Western culture and technology across Russia -
England: Newton's Laws of Gravity. INTELLCTUAL
English Mathematician and physicist, published his Laws of motion and gravity -
Period: to
France: Voltaire. SOCIAL
French Philosopher who attacked the Church demanding freedom of religion and separation of Church and State -
Period: to
Spain: War of Spanish Succession. POLITICS
Resolved by the Pease of Utrecht, this war ended French expansionism and led to the rise of the British Empire -
Period: to
France: Rousseau. SOCIAL
French Philosopher who wrote "the Age of Enlightenment" which influenced the French Revolution -
Period: to
All: Enlightenment. SOCIAL
A period of education which used reason and science rather than religion and beliefs, such that nothing was to be expected on faith and everything was to be submitted to reason. Led to the rise of philosophers who debated what was the "Ideal society" -
Period: to
England / France: Seven Years War. POLITICS
Starting with an attempt by Austria to win back Silesia from Prussia, developed into a major conflict across continents , with Britain and Prussia fighting against France, Austria and Russia for control of North America and India. Ended with the treaty of Paris in 1763 and paved the way for the rise of the British Empire -
Period: to
France: French Revolution. POLITICS
King Louis XVI was brought down by the French Revolution, which d was driven by massive debt, poor leadership and class conflict with demands for liberty and equality. Inspired by the American Revolution and led to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte -
France: Storming of the Bastille. POLITICS
The Bastille, a state prison in Paris, was overrun by a mob. This event was a defining moment in the start of the French Revolution -
France: Reign of Terror. POLITICS
French Revolutionary tribunals executed approx. 25,000 people in a 15 month period who were accused of being enemies of the revolution -
Period: to
France: Napoleonic Wars. POLITICS
After Napoleon seized power in France in 1799, he led the French Empire in a series of wars against the British and their allies, ending with the French defeat at Waterloo in 1815 -
France: Napoleon Bonaparte crowned Emperor of France. POLITICS
Napoleon Bonaparte declares himself Emperor of France -
France: Continental System. ECONOMICS
France imposed the Continental system which forbade allies of France from importing British goods, with the goal of isolating Britain economically, which ultimately failed -
Russia: French Invasion. POLITICS
Following Russia's withdrawal from the Continental system, the French invaded, leading the Russians to burn Moscow to the ground rather than surrendering to Napoleon.