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taxes on land and products, first permanent royal army
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Started the War of the Roses
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Gutenberg invented the printing press, allowing the spread of education and information sharing.
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Italy was divided into city states such as Venice and Florence. Each city state had a different leader. Fertile lands helped trade develop and boosted economy. Renaissance painters such as DiVinci, Michealanglo and Piero Della Francesca had major influence.
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Period of intellectual growth in Italy. Renaissance painters such as DiVinci, Michealanglo and Piero Della Francesca had major influence.
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The end to a 116 year war between England and France
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Hurt trade which was bad for the economy
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Used slaves to help the Spanish economy
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Printing press allowed more people access to read the Bible. Martin Luther sparks the Protestant Reformation which created a split in the Catholic faith
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Start of European colonization of the rest of the world, driven mainly by England and Spain, enabled by innovations in map-making and navigational tools.
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The Catholic Church opposed Henry VIII on an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Henry VIII then split the English church from Rome to form a Protestant church of which he was the Head. Opinions were divided in England on the new Church, people who stayed loyal to Rome were persecuted
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Often known as Ivan the Terrible, he persecuted the Boyars who opposed him and he focused on making the Russian people socially and culturally different from the rest of Europe
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Starting with the Copernicus hypothesis that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Universe, this movement challenged societal and religious norms and advanced Mathematics, astronomy, biology and other sciences.Ends with Newtons publication of his laws of gravity
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Signed in 1555, it officially recognized Lutheranism and ended religious wars in the Holy Roman Empire
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Many significant revolts and economic crises across Europe
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Discovered 3 major laws of planetary motion. He discovered the planets moved in elliptical orbits, not perfect circles, around the sun
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Astronomer, who also developed the Law of Inertia and the experimental method. He had a conflict with the Church leading to a trial as he supported Copernicus's theories and disproved many ideas supported by the Catholic Church
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Started as a conflict within the Holy Roman Empire between Catholics and Protestants, but even after a peace treaty in 1635 France continued to fight with Spain until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
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Levied taxes without getting consent of Parliament, leading to the English Civil War
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Civil war in England between Parliament and the King. Ended with the Battle of Naseby where Parliament's Oliver Cromwell captured King Charles 1st, who was subsequently beheaded.
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Centralized French government in Versailles. Consider himself a ruler through "Divine Right" . Revoked the edict of Nante and destroyed the Huguenots.Started wars to expand Frances territory, but these were unsuccessful
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Thomas Hobbes created a solution in which everyone agreed to be ruled by a King to maintain peace. Charles II returned from exile to become King of England
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Expanded Russia's borders, including to the Black Sea so Russia was no longer landlocked. he encouraged the spread of Western culture and technology across Russia
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English Mathematician and physicist, published his Laws of motion and gravity
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French Philosopher who attacked the Church demanding freedom of religion and separation of Church and State
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Resolved by the Pease of Utrecht, this war ended French expansionism and led to the rise of the British Empire
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French Philosopher who wrote "the Age of Enlightenment" which influenced the French Revolution
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A period of education which used reason and science rather than religion and beliefs, such that nothing was to be expected on faith and everything was to be submitted to reason. Led to the rise of philosophers who debated what was the "Ideal society"
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Starting with an attempt by Austria to win back Silesia from Prussia, developed into a major conflict across continents , with Britain and Prussia fighting against France, Austria and Russia for control of North America and India. Ended with the treaty of Paris in 1763 and paved the way for the rise of the British Empire
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King Louis XVI was brought down by the French Revolution, which d was driven by massive debt, poor leadership and class conflict with demands for liberty and equality. Inspired by the American Revolution and led to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
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The Bastille, a state prison in Paris, was overrun by a mob. This event was a defining moment in the start of the French Revolution
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French Revolutionary tribunals executed approx. 25,000 people in a 15 month period who were accused of being enemies of the revolution
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After Napoleon seized power in France in 1799, he led the French Empire in a series of wars against the British and their allies, ending with the French defeat at Waterloo in 1815
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Napoleon Bonaparte declares himself Emperor of France
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France imposed the Continental system which forbade allies of France from importing British goods, with the goal of isolating Britain economically, which ultimately failed
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Following Russia's withdrawal from the Continental system, the French invaded, leading the Russians to burn Moscow to the ground rather than surrendering to Napoleon.