AP Euro Timeline

By apeuropean
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    Population (Britain)

    Population doubled in a century from 5.25 million to 10.5 million. Due to: Improved Medical Services, Public Sanitation, Manufacture of Cheap Washable Clothing.

  • AP European History Timeline

  • Corn Laws (Britain)

    Corn Laws Passed (Tariff on imported goods, supposed to help domestic producers, but producers couldn’t keep up)
    Thousands laid off due to struggling farmers

  • Throne of England (Britain)

    Queen Victoria takes the throne, begins the Victorian Era

  • Neo-Guelf Movement (Italy)

    Focused on unifying Italy (formed in Piedmont) with the Pope as the king- received very little popular support, later abandoned

  • January Revolution (Italy)

    January Revolution in Kingdom of Two Sicilies- 1848, uprisings occur in Sicily (primarily Palermo) in an attempt to institute constitutional monarchy (part of larger scheme to unify Italy), but was crushed by Bourbon forces in 1849

  • March Revolution (Italy)

    March Revolution in Lombardy-Venetia (1848) - people in northern Italy revolt against Austrians (Milan), eventually force them out of the city, and then were assisted by Charles Albert of Sardinia and the Pope. Pope Pius IX pulls troops out of Milan, refuses to start war with Austrians, yet Charles keeps fighting

  • Resurgence of Austria - Custozza (Italy)

    Custozza (July 1848) Battle between Austrians and King Charles Albert of Piedmont over conflicts started in Milan, Charles is defeated decisively

  • Resurgence of Austria - Novara (Italy)

    Novara (March 1849) Yet another battle between Austrians and Sardinia, headed by Charles. It lasted two days, and resulted in the retreat of the Sardinians and a brutal defeat suffered at the hands of the Austrians

  • Rome Incident (France)

    Louis Napoleon marched on Rome to reinstate the pope after revolutionaries kicked the pope out of power during the revolution of 1848.

  • Louis Napoleon Advances (France)

    Universal national established, government censorship of media. Popular among national military, LNB pushes for expansion of the executive branch. Makes himself eligible to be re-elected before his four year term as president is completed.

  • Emerging Political Parties (Britain)

    Liberal: commercial and industrial interests. Pioneer state supported education. Abolished religious tests at Oxford and Cambridge. Spread democratic institutions like secret ballots. Viewed to reform, but do not abolish, the British Empire. Conservatives: "Noblesse Oblige" -paternalistic attitude towards reform and working classes -"Tory Democracy", Maintain historical institutions of England never threaten Anglican Church, Lords, Monarchy, Empire must be maintained very nationalistic.

  • Decree of 1850 (Britain)

    Declared that Britain would not interfere with Italian and German unification wars.

  • Coup D'etat (France)

    Coup d’etat: legislative assembly is dissolved, plebiscite voted, president is elected for a 10 year term.

  • Plebiscite Vote (France)

    plebiscite vote (7.8 million to 250k) to make LNB emperor of France.Nationalism spreads, French pride (with the Bonaparte name) takes hold.

  • Constitution of 1852 (France)

    Parliament had no debate power, censorship of media, schools monitored, arrests with no trials instated.

  • Renovation of Paris (France)

    Redesign streets and low income neighborhoods, sewer and water systems, parks and public spaces.
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    RISORGIMENTO - Crimean War (Italy)

    Sardinia aligns with the French in order to secure an alliance and backing that would help in the unification of Italy, fought against Russia for Crimea (present at peace talks)

  • Franco-Piedmont Agreement of 1858 (Italy)

    A secret military alliance between France and Sardinia that would allow the Sardinians to force out the Austrian occupied northern Italy (ganged up on Austria)

  • War of 1859 (Italy)

    War fought over Austrian controlled Milan, between France + Sardinia and Austria. Austria lost, succeeded Milan and surrounding territory to the French who immediately gave it to the Sardinians

  • Constitutional Crisis (Germany)

    William I presents a unification bill to the Chamber of Deputies

  • Garibaldi's Conquest (Italy)

    Garibaldi's conquest of The Kingdom of Two Sicilies - 1860
    Expedition led by Garibaldi and 1,000 men to take over Bourbon controlled Sicily and Naples, was a miraculous success, and was the last major conquest before the creation of the Kingdom of Italy

  • National Decrees (France)

    Decree allows free speech and debate of national issues, publications of parliamentary discussions.
    Trade unions legalized, church control on education is reduced.
    Relations with Britain are improving, free trade established.

  • Capital Establishments (Italy)

    Turin was declared the capital of Italy in 1861

  • Presidential Election 1862 (Germany)

    Bismarck elected President in 1862.
    Calls for military build up and to react to the constitutional deadlock.

  • SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN CRISIS (Germany)

    Prussia versing the Dutch Empire, diplomatic back-and-forth
    Second Schleswig War (Danish War), between Denmark, Austria, and Prussia fought for control over Holstein and Lauenburg (Feb. 1, 1864)

  • 1865 Build Up of Austria and Prussia (Germany)

    Austro-Prussian competitions growing, European powers stepping back for the most part to avoid continental confrontation, nations are not (at this point) prepared for war.

  • Austro-Prussian War 1866

    Austria convinced that the war was bound to happen.
    Napoleon calls for international Conference, Austria refuses to attend.

  • Austro-Prussian War of 1866 (Germany)

    Austria convinced that the war was bound to happen.
    Napoleon calls for international Conference, Austria refuses to attend

  • Seven Weeks War (Germany)

    Austria loses, leads to the Treaty of Prague

  • Treaty of Prague (Germany)

    Austria’s permanent separation is declared, the German states are free and independent from foreign powers.

  • Royal Title Act of 1876 (Britain)

    Queen Victoria named Empress of India

  • Reform Bill of 1867 (Britain)

    Artisans and small householders given the vote - largest group of England's working class had the franchise

  • Piedmont Occupation (Italy)

    Piedmont was concerned that Garibaldi would form a Republic in the south, petitioned for Napoleon III to send troops to reclaim/conquer the south

  • Political Party Leadership in 1868 (Britain)

    Benjamin Disraeli, leads the Conservative party
    William Ewart Gladstone, leads the Liberal party

  • Disraeli's Legacy 1869 - 1875 (Britain)

    Imprisonment for debt abolished 1869.
    Education Act of 1870: declares that universal education is law, funded by the state.
    Ballot Act of 1872: secret ballots required by law.
    Disraeli's Legacy: 1875 - Acts: Sale of Food and Drugs, Artisan’s Dwelling, Public Health, Trade Union.

  • Difference in States (Germany)

    Protestant in the north, Catholic traits in the southern states.

  • Franco-Prussian War (France)

    France and Prussian War begins in July 1870.

  • Siege of Paris (France)

    The Prussians took control of the city of Paris, parallel to the creation of the German Empire and the establishment of the Paris Commune.

  • Paris Commune (France)

    Radical socialist revolutionary group that held out after the nation of France surrenders to the Germans.

  • National Guard Advances on Paris (France)

    National Guard attacks city (France vs Paris), little outside support of the city and diverse wishes within the city. Paris, as a republic in itself, quickly falls

  • Republican Beginnings (France)

    1871 - 1873 : Adolphe Thiers elected president of the Republic
    Goals: pay off debts, liberate France from German soldiers, and expand the military.

  • The Third Republic (France)

    (1875 - 1914)
    Structure: Two Houses (Senate and Chamber of Deputies) and a President
    16 May 1877 : Presidential power broken - President tries to dismiss the Prime Minister, parliament refuses, and the Royalists remain the minority.
    Schools reformed, less government.
    Republican nation: economy growing significantly slower than Britain and Germany
    Party conflicts between Monarchists, Clericalists, Anti-semitism, Nationalists

  • Italian Imperial Goals 1879 - 1896 (Italy)

    Lays claim to and promptly loses Tunisia- 1879 Annexes port of Massawa in Eritrea (1886), which blocks Ethiopia from the Red Sea Invades Ethiopia in 1887, but halts invasion due to the loss of 500 men at battle of Dogali Relations between Italy and Ethiopia deteriorate, Italy invades Ethiopia in the first Italo-Ethiopian War. outnumbered and poorly equipped, Italy loses badly, humiliating defeat at Battle of Adawa (1896)

  • Labour Party Founded (Britain)

    The Labor Party is founded Social Democratic Federation, the first large socialist party

  • Redistribution Act of 1885 (Britain)

    Increases the size of the House of Commons to allow for working class and rural areas to be better represented.

  • Boulanger Crisis (France)

    Strong public and military figure, government feared that he would be stronger than the government itself and be able to declare himself a dictator. Wanted to take power legally through the election, and the government warranted his arrest, and he was deported.

  • Panama Crisis (France)

    France’s funds dried up quickly, spending close to a billion francs attempting to fund the construction of the Panama Canal.

  • Socialist Party Expansion (Britain)

    James Keir Hardy, 1893 - expands the socialist party in Britain
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    Dreyfus Affair (France)

    a French Jew in the national military that was convicted of passing French military strategies and other secrets onto the Germans.
    Picquart: military official that found evidence to convict Alfred Picquart
    Esterhazy: the ACTUAL German spy that was spying, not Alfred.
    Zola J’Accuse: an open letter that accused the French government of anti-semitism for wrongfully accusing Alfred for being a German spy.
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    Pre-WWI Build Up (France)

    1899: 3 years of service in French military, no exceptions
    1905: 2 years of services, no exceptions
    1913: 3 years of service, gearing up for a Europe-wide war

  • Pre-World War One Build-Up (Germany)

    Tensions from the Franco-Prussian Wars ran high, led to military build up of Germany, militarization of the Rhineland.

  • 1900 - 1906: Socialism Takes Hold (Britain)

    Taff Vale Strike of 1900 - railroad workers strike, gain support for the socialists
    Osborne judgement of 1909 - makes it illegal for trade unions to buy members of parliament
    1906: Liberal party went into power after 66% of the latter 19th century was controlled by the Conservatives

  • Pre-World War One Build Up (Britain)

    Conservatives took power as the people of Britain favor a capitalistic economy, something that the Liberals were not pushing for.

  • Kingdom of Italy (Italy)

    King Victor Emanuel of Piedmont declared the King of Italy