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Population doubled in a century from 5.25 million to 10.5 million. Due to: Improved Medical Services, Public Sanitation, Manufacture of Cheap Washable Clothing.
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Corn Laws Passed (Tariff on imported goods, supposed to help domestic producers, but producers couldn’t keep up)
Thousands laid off due to struggling farmers -
Queen Victoria takes the throne, begins the Victorian Era
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Focused on unifying Italy (formed in Piedmont) with the Pope as the king- received very little popular support, later abandoned
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January Revolution in Kingdom of Two Sicilies- 1848, uprisings occur in Sicily (primarily Palermo) in an attempt to institute constitutional monarchy (part of larger scheme to unify Italy), but was crushed by Bourbon forces in 1849
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March Revolution in Lombardy-Venetia (1848) - people in northern Italy revolt against Austrians (Milan), eventually force them out of the city, and then were assisted by Charles Albert of Sardinia and the Pope. Pope Pius IX pulls troops out of Milan, refuses to start war with Austrians, yet Charles keeps fighting
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Custozza (July 1848) Battle between Austrians and King Charles Albert of Piedmont over conflicts started in Milan, Charles is defeated decisively
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Novara (March 1849) Yet another battle between Austrians and Sardinia, headed by Charles. It lasted two days, and resulted in the retreat of the Sardinians and a brutal defeat suffered at the hands of the Austrians
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Louis Napoleon marched on Rome to reinstate the pope after revolutionaries kicked the pope out of power during the revolution of 1848.
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Universal national established, government censorship of media. Popular among national military, LNB pushes for expansion of the executive branch. Makes himself eligible to be re-elected before his four year term as president is completed.
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Liberal: commercial and industrial interests. Pioneer state supported education. Abolished religious tests at Oxford and Cambridge. Spread democratic institutions like secret ballots. Viewed to reform, but do not abolish, the British Empire. Conservatives: "Noblesse Oblige" -paternalistic attitude towards reform and working classes -"Tory Democracy", Maintain historical institutions of England never threaten Anglican Church, Lords, Monarchy, Empire must be maintained very nationalistic.
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Declared that Britain would not interfere with Italian and German unification wars.
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Coup d’etat: legislative assembly is dissolved, plebiscite voted, president is elected for a 10 year term.
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plebiscite vote (7.8 million to 250k) to make LNB emperor of France.Nationalism spreads, French pride (with the Bonaparte name) takes hold.
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Parliament had no debate power, censorship of media, schools monitored, arrests with no trials instated.
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Redesign streets and low income neighborhoods, sewer and water systems, parks and public spaces.
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Sardinia aligns with the French in order to secure an alliance and backing that would help in the unification of Italy, fought against Russia for Crimea (present at peace talks)
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A secret military alliance between France and Sardinia that would allow the Sardinians to force out the Austrian occupied northern Italy (ganged up on Austria)
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War fought over Austrian controlled Milan, between France + Sardinia and Austria. Austria lost, succeeded Milan and surrounding territory to the French who immediately gave it to the Sardinians
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William I presents a unification bill to the Chamber of Deputies
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Garibaldi's conquest of The Kingdom of Two Sicilies - 1860
Expedition led by Garibaldi and 1,000 men to take over Bourbon controlled Sicily and Naples, was a miraculous success, and was the last major conquest before the creation of the Kingdom of Italy -
Decree allows free speech and debate of national issues, publications of parliamentary discussions.
Trade unions legalized, church control on education is reduced.
Relations with Britain are improving, free trade established. -
Turin was declared the capital of Italy in 1861
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Bismarck elected President in 1862.
Calls for military build up and to react to the constitutional deadlock. -
Prussia versing the Dutch Empire, diplomatic back-and-forth
Second Schleswig War (Danish War), between Denmark, Austria, and Prussia fought for control over Holstein and Lauenburg (Feb. 1, 1864) -
Austro-Prussian competitions growing, European powers stepping back for the most part to avoid continental confrontation, nations are not (at this point) prepared for war.
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Austria convinced that the war was bound to happen.
Napoleon calls for international Conference, Austria refuses to attend. -
Austria convinced that the war was bound to happen.
Napoleon calls for international Conference, Austria refuses to attend -
Austria loses, leads to the Treaty of Prague
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Austria’s permanent separation is declared, the German states are free and independent from foreign powers.
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Queen Victoria named Empress of India
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Artisans and small householders given the vote - largest group of England's working class had the franchise
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Piedmont was concerned that Garibaldi would form a Republic in the south, petitioned for Napoleon III to send troops to reclaim/conquer the south
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Benjamin Disraeli, leads the Conservative party
William Ewart Gladstone, leads the Liberal party -
Imprisonment for debt abolished 1869.
Education Act of 1870: declares that universal education is law, funded by the state.
Ballot Act of 1872: secret ballots required by law.
Disraeli's Legacy: 1875 - Acts: Sale of Food and Drugs, Artisan’s Dwelling, Public Health, Trade Union. -
Protestant in the north, Catholic traits in the southern states.
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France and Prussian War begins in July 1870.
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The Prussians took control of the city of Paris, parallel to the creation of the German Empire and the establishment of the Paris Commune.
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Radical socialist revolutionary group that held out after the nation of France surrenders to the Germans.
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National Guard attacks city (France vs Paris), little outside support of the city and diverse wishes within the city. Paris, as a republic in itself, quickly falls
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1871 - 1873 : Adolphe Thiers elected president of the Republic
Goals: pay off debts, liberate France from German soldiers, and expand the military. -
(1875 - 1914)
Structure: Two Houses (Senate and Chamber of Deputies) and a President
16 May 1877 : Presidential power broken - President tries to dismiss the Prime Minister, parliament refuses, and the Royalists remain the minority.
Schools reformed, less government.
Republican nation: economy growing significantly slower than Britain and Germany
Party conflicts between Monarchists, Clericalists, Anti-semitism, Nationalists -
Lays claim to and promptly loses Tunisia- 1879 Annexes port of Massawa in Eritrea (1886), which blocks Ethiopia from the Red Sea Invades Ethiopia in 1887, but halts invasion due to the loss of 500 men at battle of Dogali Relations between Italy and Ethiopia deteriorate, Italy invades Ethiopia in the first Italo-Ethiopian War. outnumbered and poorly equipped, Italy loses badly, humiliating defeat at Battle of Adawa (1896)
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The Labor Party is founded Social Democratic Federation, the first large socialist party
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Increases the size of the House of Commons to allow for working class and rural areas to be better represented.
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Strong public and military figure, government feared that he would be stronger than the government itself and be able to declare himself a dictator. Wanted to take power legally through the election, and the government warranted his arrest, and he was deported.
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France’s funds dried up quickly, spending close to a billion francs attempting to fund the construction of the Panama Canal.
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James Keir Hardy, 1893 - expands the socialist party in Britain
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a French Jew in the national military that was convicted of passing French military strategies and other secrets onto the Germans.
Picquart: military official that found evidence to convict Alfred Picquart
Esterhazy: the ACTUAL German spy that was spying, not Alfred.
Zola J’Accuse: an open letter that accused the French government of anti-semitism for wrongfully accusing Alfred for being a German spy. -
1899: 3 years of service in French military, no exceptions
1905: 2 years of services, no exceptions
1913: 3 years of service, gearing up for a Europe-wide war -
Tensions from the Franco-Prussian Wars ran high, led to military build up of Germany, militarization of the Rhineland.
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Taff Vale Strike of 1900 - railroad workers strike, gain support for the socialists
Osborne judgement of 1909 - makes it illegal for trade unions to buy members of parliament
1906: Liberal party went into power after 66% of the latter 19th century was controlled by the Conservatives -
Conservatives took power as the people of Britain favor a capitalistic economy, something that the Liberals were not pushing for.
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King Victor Emanuel of Piedmont declared the King of Italy