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"Rebirth" of the Classical world. The Renaissance started in Italy and spread to the North.
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The long battle between the successor of the successor for the French crown between the Enlgish and French finally ended after 116 years.
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Johannes Guttenberg experimented with movable type and created a printing press that would bring literacy to laymen and spread Protestant ideas in the years to come.
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180 copies of the Guttenberg bible was created for lay people in the vernacular language.
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Marindola's oration is named the "Manifesto of the Renaissance." It He focused on the relationship between the human and the divine.
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Columbus "discovers" the New World. This changes history forever. He thoguht he landed in the Indies so he named the Native people Indians.
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Signed between Spain and Portugal to divide the New World.
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The Renaissance spread to the North making its center in Flanders. The 100 Years War ends during this time and France invades Italy. Also, more money lands in the hands of merchants. NR art tends to be more focused on reforming the church and laymen lives.
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"The Last Supper" was created by Leonardo Da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance. Da Vinci was a true Renassaince man who contributed great works of art and science during his time. "The Last Supper" is a depiction of Jesus and his 12 disciples during their last meal together. It is one of the most famous pantings ever,
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Europeans start taking black people from Africa and enslaving them to work in the New World. It was very brutal for the Africans.
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Henry became king of England after his brother died. He had many wives and because of this, created his own church and declared himself the leader so that he could get divorced.
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Raphael painted and finished the School of Athens in 1509.This frescoe blends together all Renaissance qualities like clasical and realism themese. It can be found on the Vatican wall.
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Writes The Praise of Folly. He was the most influencial Christian Humanist. He said that religion should be a guiding philosphy not dogmatic beliefs. "Erasamus laid the egg that Luther hatched."
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Thomas Mrore was a deeply religious man. He was the Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII of England. He wrote Utopia in 1516 where an ideal place with no greed, corruption, and war existed. He said this would be impossible because people aren't perfect.
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Martin Luther, a devoutly religious man, focused on salvation in religion and condemned the sale of indulgences. He posted the 95 Theses which was a statement about why the sake of indulgences was wrong.
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A religious revolution during the 1500's that destroys religious unity of Western Christendom. It was caused by the corruption of the Church like: nepotism, simony, moral decline of the papacy, and more.
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Pizarro destroys and conquers the Incas.
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Cortes conquers Montezuma and his people in the Aztec Empire.
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Martin Luther is put on trila and told to recant or else he would be excommunicated. He would not do so, so during the Edict of Worms he was excommunicated. German princes took him in to hiding.
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He wrote The Courtier in 1508 but never had it published until 1528. This book taught people how to be respectable gentleman (and ladies). This was known as a Renaissance man.
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Machiavelli published The Prince originally in 1513, but the most famous version was published in 1532. This political treatise is about how a ruler/prince should rule his kindom with ruthlessness and by whatever means necessary.
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Henry VIII declared that he was the head of the English Church.
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Written by Nicolaus Copernicus, this work describes how the sun is at the center of the universe, not the earth. This is known as the heliocentric theory.
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Vesalius published had his book On the Structure of the Human Body published in 1543. It showcased over 200 drawings of anatomically correct human bodies.
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The only son to Henry VIII. He becomes king and moves England towards Protestantism by adopting Calvinism. He died in 1553.
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Becomes king after her brother dies. She is known as Bloody Mary. She tried to reimpose Catholocism and got rid o Reformation legislation. She executed 300 Protestants.
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The son of Charles V. He controls Spain, Netherlands, parts of Italy, and the New world. He starts that Catholic Crusade and introduces the inquisition and reconquista to ensure that only Catholics are a part of the kingdom. He dies in 1598.
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She is known as the Virgin Queen. She creates a modern Protestant religion and continues the Anglican Church.
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Frenh kings tried to stop the spread of Calvinism. The wars don't end until 1598.
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The Guise family who were ultra Catholics massacred people at a peaceful Huguenot protest.
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They want to be their own kingdom. They were tired of Phillip II taxing them. They go against him in the 100 Years War and win.
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Charles XI under the order of his mother Catherine de Medici orders the slaughter os thousands of Calvinists at a marriage celebration for the Valois and Navarre families.
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England encouraged the Netheralands' revolts and aided them. The Spanish Armada headed towards England where they were embarrased and destroyed.
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Henry Navarre becomes king and converts to Catholocism to unte France and create peace. He is known as a politique. He signs the Edict of Nantes which makes Catholocism the oficial religion of France. Huguenots are allowed to worship in certain areas and are protected. They can also hold office.
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He demonstrated the properties of of gravity on top of the leaning tower of Pisa.
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Kepler published his first two laws about planetary motion. The first: the orbits of planets around the sun are elliptical not circular. The second: planets don't move ina unform speed.
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The Holy Office made a list of books that went against the church that people could not read. Copernicus and his supporters were on this list.
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Protestant officials met up with Catholic ones. The Protestant officials threw two Catholic bishops out the window hoping they would die. They didn't and this was the single thing that sparked the Thirty Years' War,
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The Protestants, made up of Czech soldiers, headed by Frederick V, took on the H.R.E. Ferdiand II. The Catholics destoryed the Protestant forces at the Battle of White Mountain. Wallenstein joined up with the Emperor and destoryed German cities. Spain attacked Frederick's land along the Rhine and took it.
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Christian IV of Denmark entered into the war by helping the Protestants. Wallentstein still defeated them. The Emperor issued the Edict of Restitution in 1629, dismantling the Peace of Augsburg. By 1630, the Emperor told Wallenstein to cool it.
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Gustuvus Afolphus entered 100,000 Swedish men into the fight. He wanted to help the Protestants. France got involved when Cardinal Richeleiu sent forces to help the Protestants in hoping of weakening the Habsburgs. By 1634, the Swedes were going to lose since they lost Adolphus.
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Wallenstein turned on the Emperor to create his own empire. Ferdinand II had Wallenstein's troops murder him. France officially joined forces with the Protestants.
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This is the Treaty that will end the Thirty Years' War and extend the Peace of Augsburg. It gave German princes more control over their kingdoms.
