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More of a political battle between secular nations and the power of the Catholic Church.
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One of the most influential inventions of the 1300s was the clock. During the late middle ages, Europe was focusing intensely on measuring the day, organizing time and distinguishing between different segments of time. The world is now divided into 24 hours, making labor into a commodity that can be sold to one's employer. Beginning of industrial revolution.
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Although scholars still debate the specific origins of the artillery, the Chinese, the Hindus, the Arabs and the Turks were most likely responsible for inventing cannons. The earliest references to cannons occurred in manuscripts dated to 1327,1336 and 1347. The development of cannons yielded the invention of the handgun. The earliest carnation of the handgun is traced to the 1360s, and the gun was like a hand-held cannon that consisted of a metal tube extending about 1 foot in length. The gunne
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Black Death (Bubonic Plague) Hits Europe (1347): It killed an estimated 75 million, roughly half the European population. The majority of deaths occurred between 1347 and 1351. In the southern regions such as Italy and southern France, the percentage was probably higher (up to 80%), while lower in the north. onsequences:
1, Increased Persecution of the Jews.
2. Peasant Revolts.
3. Papal Authority Weakens.
4. !!!!Lower-Class Leverage & Enlightenment!!!! -
Astrolabe, compass, caravel, lateen sails arrive in Portugal and Spain from the Arabs via the Crusades
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Rising northern nations of England, Netherlands, and competing Germanic princes feel controlled by returning Papal authority
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1419 Portugal Prince Henry starts navigation school to explore coast of Africa to get to Asia
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1455 Germany. Gutenberg Bible produced on printing press
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With the end of the Reconquista (Moors evicted from Spain), The Spanish crown takes a wild chance to go west to go east. Start of the Native American genocide
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Rivalry for territory and trade between Portugal and Spain:
Portugal establishes colony in Brazil (1501); Spanish conquistadores conquer Cuba, Aztecs (1521), and Incans (1523) in Central and South America -
The start of 11 million people stolen from their homeland.
Consequences:
1. Spain dominates Europe for 150 years, but..,
2. Massive inflation
3. Spanish investment in foreign consumer goods and
4. ever more slaves to work and die in silver mines
5. proto-capitalism -
The encomienda system was created by the Spanish to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas. Under the encomienda system, conquistadors and other leaders (encomenderos) received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact “tribute” in the form of gold or labor. The encomenderos were supposed to protect and Christianize the Indians granted to them, but they most often used the system to effectively enslave the Indians and take
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Hernando Cortez entered Mexico City, conquered Aztec leader Montezuma and took control of Mexico; likely introduced smallpox on continent
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Henry VIII of England broke with Rome; established Church of England, BUT no real changes are made causing Puritan attacks on Church of England (Anglican).
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Virginia Company sponsored settlement undertaking in North America, with backing of James I; Captain John Smith among the 100+ settlers arriving on the Susan Constant; establish first permanent English settlement in America at Jamestown, on eastside of Chesapeake Bay--
