-
-
By the end of the decade, Protonsil and other closely related sulphonamides were introduced.
-
By the end of the decade, Protonsil and other closely related sulphonamides were introduced.
-
Protonsil was the first effective drug against Gram-positive infections used for agriculture purporses. It was a commercial success!
-
Protonsil and other sulphonamides like sulphapyridine were marketed for use in animals from 1938 onwards
-
While the Second World War constrained European drug manufacturing, US companies like Merck, Pfizer, and American Cyanamid emerged as leading producers of synthetic and biological antibiotics
-
Gramicidin was firstly used to treat a mass outbreak of mastitis (udder infection in cows) at New York’s World Exhibition
-
During wartime importance of milk production also meant that precious penicillin supplies were tested against mastitis in both Britain and Denmark
-
Non-human antibiotic use was not confined to capitalist countries. During the 1940s, the Soviet Union (USSR) and China had also developed limited penicillin capabilities. However, production increased dramatically after 1945 when the US, Britain, and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) disseminated more advanced penicillin know-how. Expertise and non-commercial pilot plants were provided to Italy, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, China, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
-
-
-
As a result of growing Cold War tensions, United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) was largely shut down in 1947 and Western exports curtailed.
-
Merck’s sulfaquinoxaline was the first antibiotic to be officially licensed for routine inclusion in poultry feeds against coccidiosis.
-
-
Investigating antibiotic fermentation wastes as an alternative source of expensive vitamin B12 feed supplements, researchers at American Cyanamid’s Lederle Laboratories found that unextracted antibiotic residues were capable of increasing animals’ weight gains. Feeding low-dosed antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) was also believed to prophylactically protect against bacterial disease
-
-
-
Across the US, the new feeds were rapidly adopted by farmers eager to supply booming post-war demand for meat. According to antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) co-discoverer, Thomas Jukes, Lederle was soon selling tankcars of brine containing residues from the fermentation” (Jukes, 1985). On farms, the boundaries between growth promotion, therapy, and prophylaxis soon blurred.
-
Promoted by manufactures and authorities like the US High Commission in West Germany, it did not take long for new antibiotic applications to cross the Atlantic (Cozzoli, 2014; Kirchhelle, 2016). Although European veterinarians were already using antibiotics to treat individual animals, the end of rationing, falling drug prices, and new AGPs led to a rapid expansion of overall antibiotic consumption.
In West Germany, bacitracin, oleandomycin, taomycin, and flavomycin AGPs were also licensed -
From the 1950s onwards, communist publications regularly celebrated the construction of new antibiotic plants, antibiotic aid to communist or non-aligned states, and new ‘Soviet’ antibiotics like albomycin (1951), furacillin (1955), and grisemin (1956/57) (Gause, 1955; Suskind, 1960).6 Communist antibiotic experts were also sent to Western countries as part of high-profile delegations.7
-
In Britain, a legal loophole also enabled the use of tylosin (Kirchhelle, 2018).
-
Norway and Iceland trialled the use of antibiotics to preserve whale meat. In the whaling industry, bacterial spoilage and long processing times posed significant problems. Before a harpooned animal could be processed, it had to be pulled in and inflated with oxygen to stop it from sinking— which increased autolysis. Even after processing commenced, carcases cooled slowly.
-
Most countries initially licensed penicillin, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline growth promoters. Probably due to its strong penicillin industry (Burns, 2005; Burns, 2011),
-
In order to increase whale meat and offal yields, whalers began to experiment with tetracyclines around 1950. Antibiotics were incorporated into explosive harpoons and injected into carcasses via inflation devices or aboard ships. The results were excellent: bacterial contamination and carcass swelling decreased while offal, meat, and oil quality increased.
-
Industry scientists devised further nonhuman antibiotic applications as a lucrative source of revenue beyond the seemingly saturated human antibiotic market.
(Kirchhelle, 2019). -
In France, the three standard AGPs were soon joined by erythromycin and—on a smaller scale—by oleandomycin, spiramycin, neomycin, and framycetin.
-
Similar to the US, antibiotics also entered other areas of European food production. Mostly streptomycin-based plant sprays and solutions were licensed from the mid-1950s onwards to combat American fire blight, a destructive bacterial disease of fruit trees and related plants, which had spread to Europe in 1957
-
(Williams Smith, 1958).
-
Antibiotics also acquired an important role in rice production. In 1958, Japanese researchers isolated the streptogramin antibiotic blasticidin S. Licensed for use against rice blast disease in 1961
-
(Witte, 2012; Manten et al., 1962)
-
Although it established residue limits and banned antibiotic preservatives, expensive fodder imports, limited land availability, and productivity-oriented policies fostered increasingly antibiotic intensive forms of livestock and fish production from the 1960s onwards (Wesley, 1996; Morita, 1997).
-
Following long-standing complaints by dairies about antibiotics’ disruption of cheese production, consumers were shocked to learn that up to 10% of US milk samples were contaminated with penicillin during the mid-1950s. Residues occurred as a result of over-dosed mastitis treatments, farmers’ noncompliance with withdrawal times, and illegal antibiotic sprinkling into milk to delay spoilage.
-
blasticidin S. dusts and solutions were heralded as a safe substitute for mercury and arsenic-based products in the wake of contemporary organic mercury poisonings in the Minamata area. Further antibiotics like kasugamycin (licensed 1965), polyoxin (licensed 1967), and validamycin (licensed 1972) were also deployed against plant infections (Misato, 1976).
-
-
-
(Bundestag, 2008; Kirchhelle, 2018).
-
Further antibiotics like kasugamycin (licensed 1965), polyoxin (licensed 1967), and validamycin (licensed 1972) were also deployed against plant infections (Misato, 1976). Caught in a vicious cycle of AMR selection and higher-dosed treatment,
-
(Kirchhelle, 2016).
-
similar public concerns and new residue detections resulted in the first national monitoring programme for antibiotics in meat and license withdrawals for antibiotic preservatives (Kirchhelle, 2019)
-
Further antibiotics like kasugamycin (licensed 1965), polyoxin (licensed 1967), and validamycin (licensed 1972) were also deployed against plant infections (Misato, 1976). Caught in a vicious cycle of AMR selection and higher-dosed treatment,
-
he so-called Swann Committee recommended a series of reforms of which the restriction of medically relevant antibiotics to veterinary prescription was the most significant
-
the amount of US antibiotics used for non-medicinal purposes (excluding sulphonamides) rose from 3310 to 5580 tonnes (NAS, 1980).
-
Although critics argued that agricultural antibiotic use had not been shown to harm health, precautionary restrictions of medically relevant AGPs like penicillin and the tetracyclines were subsequently adopted by Britain (1971), member states of the European Economic Community (1973–1976), and Switzerland (1973) (Lebek and Gubelmann, 1979; Castanon, 2007).
-
Further antibiotics like kasugamycin (licensed 1965), polyoxin (licensed 1967), and validamycin (licensed 1972) were also deployed against plant infections (Misato, 1976). Caught in a vicious cycle of AMR selection and higher-dosed treatment,
-
A survey of large South African pig farms (producing ca. 10% of pigs slaughtered in 1970) found that ca. 80% of producers routinely fed antibiotic creep feeds—dietary supplements for young animals—to piglets for 2 to 3 weeks (Bakker and Davies, 1972).
-
(Misato et al., 1977).
-
(Coban/Rumensin—licensed in 1975) to prevent bloat and coccidiosis and to enhance animals’ processing of high-roughage and grain diets. Within 10 years of monensin’s licensing, ionophores were being fed to over 90% of US feedlot cattle (Dyer and O’Mary, 1977; Perry, 1980; Owens et al., 1991; Kirchhelle, 2019).
-
-
Evaluacion de lodos activados haciendo diferentes experimentos en reactores tipo batch y continuos para la remocion de contaminantes.
-
In Spain, a 1984 study found that roughly half of antibiotics were being consumed by livestock despite similar AGP restrictions (Santesmases, 2018).
-
Nygaard et al., 1992; Samuelsen et al., 1992;
-
-
and water despite warnings about the drugs’ close relation to human reserve antibiotics.
-
(e.g. Hirsch et al., 1999).
-
Descripcion mas detallada de como la presencia de antibioticos en el agua genera resistencia y explicacion de los diferentes mecanismos. Referencias importantes: Edquist and Pedersen, 2001; Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior, 2008.
-
-
Remocion de 28 antibioticos de uso humano y veterinario usando sistema de lodos activados y microfiltracion/osmosis inversa. Watkinsona, et al., 2007.
-
Fenton, photo-Fenton, TiO2 photocatalytic
and UV/ZnO processes.
Synthetic water of antibiotic aqueous solution containing 104,
105 and 103 mg/L of amoxicillin, ampicillin, and cloxacillin, -
Optimization of Fenton treatment for removal of amoxicillin and cloxacillin in Synthetic water. Affam & Chaudhuri, 2014.
-
VUV advanced process.
amoxicillin(AMX).
Purpose: degradation and mineralization -
Concentraciones reportadas
Sulfametoxazol 580 ng/L
Trimetoprim 220 ng/L
Dicloxacilina 190 ng/L
Claritromicina 430 ng/L
Metronidazol 510 ng/L
Dehidrato-erithromicina 99 ng/L
Tilosina 89 ng/L
Madera, 2017. -
Detecciones en Aguas Residuales de Bogota, Medellin, Hospital de Tumaco y Florencia. Antibioticos detectados:
Azithromycin
Ciprofloxacin
Clarithromycin
Clindamycin
Cloxacillin
Doxycycline
Erythromycin
Metronidazole
Tetracycline
Trimethoprim
Botero-Coy et al., 2018. -
copper oxide for simultaneous
photoelectrocatalytic degradation
You are not authorized to access this page.
