-
Sep 1, 1000
Beginning of Mankind
5,000,000 BCE
Beginning of mankind
Source: http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_suppl/abstracts/pdf/ASM_s26/02_nishida.pdf
It is believed that man began in Africa five million years ago. Mankind can now can be found in all areas of the earth except the Antarctic. At the end of the Palaeolithic Period, man was already on all of the five continents. By ten thousand years ago, man could not increase in number simply by spreading. -
Jan 1, 1500
Beginning of Sedentarization
10,000 BCE
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentarization
Sedenterization was started by the accidental discovery of agriculture. It is believed that it started in the Fertile Crescent. Somebody dropped a seed in front of his village, which, later on, caused a plant to grow. He tried the same thing again. He then realised that you could eat what was growing from the plant. -
Feb 1, 1500
Palaeolithic Societies
Source: http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_suppl/abstracts/pdf/ASM_s26/02_nishida.pdf Palaeolithic Societies of the middle of Eurasia specialized in hunting. Like other carnivores (such as wolves) hunted herbivores. These herbivores were nutritious and easy to cook and they were easy to digest. They were also freely available from the plentiful resources in these territories. -
Mar 1, 1500
Early Neolithic Period
Source: http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_suppl/abstracts/pdf/ASM_s26/02_nishida.pdf
At the end of the Palaeolithic period to the early Neolithic period, humans started consuming fish, shellfish and starchy seeds in the forest regions of Europe, West Asia and Japan. This is often called the begining of the “second and third best” use of food resources. -
Apr 1, 1500
Change in Living
8,000 BCE
Source: http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_suppl/abstracts/pdf/ASM_s26/02_nishida.pdf
The consumption of starchy seeds brought a change in the way that man lived starchy seeds required changes in the ways of cooking. It also required a change in tools such as the use of stoneware, baskets and earthenware. -
Mesopotamia Beginnings
5300 BCE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is often considered to be the cradle of civilisation. The Bronze Age Mesopotamia was ruled by Sumer and Akkadian which were Babylonian and Assyrian Empires. In the Iron Age, Mesopotamia was ruled by Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires. The Sumerians and Akkadian ruled Mesopotamia since written history. The Achaemenid Empire then conquered Mesopotamia. It fell to Alexander the Great. And after his death, Mesopotamia became a pa -
Sumerian Civilisation
3,500 BCE
http://lexicorient.com/e.o/sumer.htm Usually considered to be the most important civilisation in Mesopotamia was the Sumerian civilisation. The history of Sumer is usually considered to have begun in 3,500 BCE and lasted until 2,000 BCE. Sumer occupied one half of Mesopotamia and Akkad represented the other half (the Akkadians). The heart of Sumer matches the heart of Babylonia. Sumer consisted of 13 city states. These city states fought against each other and were independent. -
Sumerian Civilization
3,000 BCE
http://lexicorient.com/e.o/sumer.htm
The Sumerians were the very first to use alloy bronze. With alloy bronze, they were able to create many new instruments and tools. The use of alloy bronze and the technique to mould bronze soon spread to the other parts of the Middle East. The Sumer also began using pottery both as tools and as a form of artistic expression. It is believed that around 3,000 BCE, the Sumerians began carving in shells and stones. They also created statues and made jew -
First Pictographic Writing System
3,100 BCE
http://lexicorient.com/e.o/sumer.htm
It is believed that the Sumerians developed the first pictographic writing system. After a few hundred years, this became a form of writing known as Cuneiform writing. The cuneiform writing style was made from strokes in the shape of a wedge. These strokes were made in clay, wax, stone, metal, and other materials. It was used for approximately 1,000 years beginning in 3,100 BCE and ending around year zero. -
Akkad Civilization
2,330 BCE
http://lexicorient.com/e.o/sumer.htm
Akkad occupied the north of Mesopotamia. It was close to the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. The name Akkad came from the name of the city Aggad which was founded by Sargon around 2,330 BCE. It is believed that for about a century Aggad was the most important and the richest city in the world. In 2,330 BCE Sargon all of Sumer and this became known as the Akkadian dynasty. The kingdom was known as Sumer and Akkad. In 2,279 BCE, Sargon died and wa -
The Beginning of the City States
1,000 BCE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracy
http://www.ancient-greece.us/democracy.html The first city states in Greece, the “Polis” began. Because of the city states, Greece was divided into three parts: the Doric part (Sparta), the Achaian part (Arcadia), and the Ionic part (Attica). Sparta is considered to be the lowest of these three cultures although its military power was the strongest. -
Beginnings of Athens
510 BCE
Source: http://plato-dialogues.org/tools/loc/athens.htm
Athens is the capital of the province of central Greece, Attica. It is the most famous out of all the Ancient city and city-states. During the 5th century, it was the capital, the head of an empire that controlled most of the Eastern Mediterranean. But it really stands out because of its cultural legacy to our world today, like the acropolis, all the statues, the music, the architecture. -
Election of Solon
594 BCE
http://www.ancient-greece.us/democracy.html In 594 BCE, a statesman and poet called Solon was elected the first Archon. The Archon was the highest level official, similar to a prime minister. Unlike a prime minister, he was elected each year and he had the powers of a judge, as well as executive power. He was also in command of the army and had the power of a priest. Solon made many political changes in Athens. He divided citizens into four groups based on what their farms produced. -
Cleisthenes' Reforms
510 BCE
http://www.ancient-greece.us/democracy.html In 510 BCE, Cleisthenes introduced a number of additional important political reforms. This new system is what we generally consider Athenian democracy and made democracy exist for the first time in the world. He replaced the division by tribes, families and fraternities with a division by territory. He divided Attica into smaller districts and divided the districts into smaller areas. -
The End of the Democracy
430 BCE http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/background/48.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Athens Between 448 and 430 BCE Athens thrived as a democracy and is considered to have been the dominant city state in Greece. Jealousy by other city states made Athens the subject of attack and led to the Peloponnesian was in 431 BCE which put Athens and its sea Empire against a series of land based states led by Sparta and Athens was defeated. -
The Beginnings of Rome
10,000 BCE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome Ancient Rome began as a small farming community. It was founded on the Italian Peninsula around 10,000 BCE. The Romans believed a myth about the founding of Rome. According to this myth Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BCE by the twin brothers Remus and Romulus. According to this myth the grandfather of Romulus and Remus was overthrown by his brother and his daughter had twins. -
The Founding of the Roman Republic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome It is believed that the Roman Republic was established in 519 BCE. When the last king of Rome, Tarquin, the proud, was removed. His system was created which was based on magistrates who were elected annually. Assemblies were also established to represent various groups of the Roman Population. The new Roman Republic also had a constitution. This constitution provided for a separation of government powers as well as a system of “Checks and Balances”. -
Growth of the Roman State
250 BCE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome The Roman state slowly took over all of the people on the Italian peninsula. These included many different groups especially the Etruscans. The military fought numerous battles throughout the peninsula finishing with the defeat of Tarentum, a major Greek colony. The Roman method for making sure that their couquest became secure was to create Roman Colonies in areas of strategic importance in that was to gain control. -
The Rise of Caesar
50 BCE http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Roman_Empire
In the middle of the 1st Century BCE three men, Crassus, Pompey, and Cesar, created a secret agreement. This pact was known as the First Triumvirate. Under this pact these three man formed a plan to control the republic. Cesar conquered Gaulle and through loyalty of the army and the force that he had as a great general led to a disagreement between Cesar and the Senate. -
Pax Romana
293 CE
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Roman_Empire In the first two centuries AD Rome was ruled by a number of different Emperors. During the rule of the Emperors known as the “Five Good Emperors”, the Roman Empire was at it’s height. The Roman Empire was secure from external threat and internally well governed. During this period the empire experience the “Pax Romana” or Roman peace. -
Christianity and Rome
476 AD
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity#History_and_origins
In June 474, Julius Nepos became emperor of the Western Roman Empire. After a revolt, Nepos fled Rome and Romulus Augustus was put on the throne. Romulus, however, was not recognised by the Eastern Emperor. German invaders landed in Rome and in August 476. Romulus was deposed and Rome was sacked. Christianity had begun in Rome after the death of Jesus Christ. -
Gregory the Great
590 AD http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/religion/christians/gregory.htm
Gregory the Great became Pope in 590 AD after the arrival of the Lombards in Italy. With the fall of the Roman Empire, Gregory recognised that the Catholic Church under the direction of the Pope could become much more powerful. Gregory came from a family of senators. As a young man, he became the prefect of Rome. Greatly influenced by Christianity, he abandoned politics and became a monk, where he lived in a monastery -
Survival of the Church
700 AD
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages#Christianity_West_and_East
The Church was the only institution of importance that survived the fall of the Roman Empire. It was the only institution which unified at all the peoples of Western Europe culturally. It also served to preserve some of Western learning, writing and a system of administration trough its system of appointment of bishops and priests. The early middle ages, saw the rise of control of the land by dukes and counts. -
Birth of the Holy Roman Empire
962 AD
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages#Christianity_West_and_East Europe in the 9th and 10th Century saw the division of Western Europe into the kingdoms of France, Germany, and Italy. In the late 800’s, Magyars invaded Germany. The next 50 years saw fighting between the Magyars, the French and Germans. Finally, Otto, the son of the Duke of Saxony, marched into Italy and was crowned Emperor by Pope John XII in Rome in 962. -
The First Crusade
1095 AD
http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/medieval/history/highmiddle/bernard.htm
In 1095, AD Pope Urban gave a speech in Claremont in the south of France. In this speech, he told Christians that they should travel to the east and take up arms to free Jerusalem from the control of the Islamic Fatimids who were ruling Jerusalem. Immediately, the people of Western Europe became impassioned to go fight the Crusade. -
The Begining of Cities and Towns
By Jackson J. Spielvogel
http://books.google.ca/books?id=B5PeMDWgrwUC&pg=PA254&lpg=PA254&dq=growth+of+cities+and+trade&source=bl&ots=v32qgWCr2T&sig=6RPnJFhKy0aw2d5CyKeUK3Xeebc&hl=en&ei=7azNTL7SHoT_nAfwwdwn&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBA#
Medieval Europe was mostly an agricultural society with people living in small villages in the 11th and 12th centuries. Several things began to change the economy of Western Europe. The first was the rebirth of trade. The second was a -
Development of Trade
1100 AD
Western Civilization: To 1715
By Jackson J. Spielvogel
http://books.google.ca/books?id=B5PeMDWgrwUC&pg=PA254&lpg=PA254&dq=growth+of+cities+and+trade&source=bl&ots=v32qgWCr2T&sig=6RPnJFhKy0aw2d5CyKeUK3Xeebc&hl=en&ei=7azNTL7SHoT_nAfwwdwn&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBA#
Commerce developed slowly. The early middle ages were chaotic and there was very little trade. -
The Rebirth of Cities
1100 AD
http://books.google.ca/books?id=B5PeMDWgrwUC&pg=PA254&lpg=PA254&dq=growth+of+cities+and+trade&source=bl&ots=v32qgWCr2T&sig=6RPnJFhKy0aw2d5CyKeUK3Xeebc&hl=en&ei=7azNTL7SHoT_nAfwwdwn&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBA#
Western Civilization: To 1715
By Jackson J. Spielvogel
The rebirth of trade in turn created a rebirth of cities. Trade merchants needed places to live and also needed places to store their goods. During the early Middle Ages towns had declined. -
The Growth of Trade and Cities
1100 AD
Western Civilization: To 1715
By Jackson J. Spielvogel
http://books.google.ca/books?id=B5PeMDWgrwUC&pg=PA254&lpg=PA254&dq=growth+of+cities+and+trade&source=bl&ots=v32qgWCr2T&sig=6RPnJFhKy0aw2d5CyKeUK3Xeebc&hl=en&ei=7azNTL7SHoT_nAfwwdwn&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBA#
By the end of the 10th century, many new cities had been founded, especially in northern Europe. Typically, artisans and merchants would settle close to an existing fortified stronghold. -
Charters of Liberty
1200 AD
Western Civilization: To 1715
By Jackson J. Spielvogel
http://books.google.ca/books?id=B5PeMDWgrwUC&pg=PA254&lpg=PA254&dq=growth+of+cities+and+trade&source=bl&ots=v32qgWCr2T&sig=6RPnJFhKy0aw2d5CyKeUK3Xeebc&hl=en&ei=7azNTL7SHoT_nAfwwdwn&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBA#
By the 12th century, the people living in towns began to get charters of liberty. These would allow them to trade and sell property and freedom from military service. I
