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Asia
All colonial powers wanted to be a part of China’s market. The Opium Wars 1839-42 and 1856-60 forced China to open Western Trade -
Exploration and conquest
Before 1850, Africa, Asia and the oceans were unknown to Europeans. After 1850, explorers led by Stanley (on behalf of Leopold II, king of Belgium), Livingstone (for GB) and Brazza (for France) travelled across Africa. This gave a lot or information to these countries, that ultimately made conquest easier -
Modernisation starts in Japan
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The Suez canal was opened
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Telephone invention
In 1876, Graham Bell invented the telephone -
Berlin conference
The colonial powers met at the berlin conference, hosted by Germany. They agreed for a set of rules that would allow them later on to occupy Africa. -
New energy Sources emerged
Elecrticity: Thanks to the invention of the dynamo, the alternators and the transformers Oil: Exrtaction began in md 19-century The invention of the combustion engine led us to be able to use transports as lorries or cars -
Developement of new industries
· The chemical industry →Dyes, medicine · Aluminium industry · Automotive and aviation · Goods →Furniture, home appliances. Textile , steel and coal also continued their development.
This great technological leap happened because scientific research was applied in the industry -
Car invention
The car was invented by Karl Fiederich Benz in 1886 -
Cinema invention
In this year the Lumiière brothers invented the cinema -
Radio
Marcony inveents the radio -
Africa
France and Britain clashed in the Lake Chad in 1898 almost ended in war
The boer wars were fought between the English and the existing Dutch settlers in modern Suth Africa to control gold mines -
IMPERIALISM : Rivarly between the powers
Industrial powers also wanted to expand their influence.
There was a race to control new territories before rivals. It became the reason to expand their armies and a way to block the expansion -
Banking and industry concentration
There was a deep relationship between banking and industry to found the industrial development.
Industry fewer companies: →Cartel : Group of companies that control prices and production
→Holding : Financial group that invests capital
→ Monopoly : A company that has a single market or product for itself
→Cartel : A group of businesses that act together as if they were a single entity so they can regulate supply and demand -
The development of taylorism
Science applied to management. Manufacturing is based on mass production to increase productivity and lower manufacturing costs.
Goods become manufactured in assembly lines where each worker performs a specific task. -
Economic interests
Industrialised European countries needed three things:- Raw materials (coal, iron,rubber,cotton)
- Colonial products (cofee,sugar,chocolate)
- Captive market
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The british empire
During the nineteenth century, the area under British direct or indirect control expanded from the original colonial settlements in Calcutta, Madras and Bombay, as the Company engaged in military action and formed strategic, one-sided alliances with Indian rulers -
The french empire
France planed to occupy a vast African territory from the red sea to Atlantic ocean clashed with british interests in Sudan -
The myth of the master race
Europeans whites considered themselves a superior race which had the right to impose themselves on the rest.
Europeans believed they had a duty to spread their culture and civilisation to those they considered inferior -
A new way of organise production
The development of taylorism: Science applied to management. Manufacturing is based on mass production to increase productivity and lower manufacturing costs.
Goods become manufactured in assembly lines where each worker performs a specific task.