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During the early 1300s, a movement in Italy would alter how Europeans viewwd themselves and the world. It was both a philosophical and artistic movement and the era when the movement flourished.
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In about 1450, the first printing press was made during the Renaissance. From Johannes Gutenberg's press, he became the first European to use movable print to print books. He first used to to print copies of the Bible.
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From 1452 to 1519, da Vinci was an architect, engineer, painter, sculptor and scientist. Da Vinci's science improved the quality of his paintings. His studies in anotomy helped him draw realistic human figures.
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From 1466 to 1536, Desiderius Erasmus was the most influential humanist of northern Europe. His most famous book was "The Praise of Folly" where he ridiculed ignorance, superstition, and vice among Christians.
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From 1483 to 1546, Luther had challenged the practices of the church in 1517. From attempting to bring reform, he was denounced by church leaders. Luther went on to found the Lutheran Church.
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In about 1500, several northern humanists argued that the Roman Catholic Church has lost sight of its spiritual mission. Their claims would lead to a reform movement that would split the church in western Europe known as Reformation.
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Niccolo Machiavelli wrote the essay "The Prince". From Machiavelli explaining that a ruler should be only concerned with power and political success, ruthless behavior to get ahead is known as "Machiavellian".
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During the years between 1520 to the 1530s, hundreds of new religious groups appeared in Germany and Switzerland. Many did not have clear cut authority or rules. Most of the sects later died out.
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England's break with the church happened because Henry wanted to divorce his wife. When Pope Clement VII refused to divorce Henry and his wife, Henry begane a new church known as the Church of England which was also know as the Anglican Church.
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In Switzerland, John Calvin founded a Protestant church that had a srtong following. In 1536 he published "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" which was a code that united Calvinists against opposition and procecution.
