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In 1911 the Revolutionary Alliance, a fore-runner of the Kuomintang, succeeded in overthrowing the last emperor of the Qing dynasty.
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World War 1 begins when Austria-Hungary invades Serbia. They invaded Serbia because a Serbian member of the Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip, shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. The Archduke was in Sebia to try and convince Serbians to stay a part of the Ottoman Empire.
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The US entered WW1 after intercepting a letter from Germany. The letter told Mexico that Germany would help Mexico regain land lost to the US if Mexico entered the war on Germany's side. The US was also angered over Germany's use of unrestricted submarine warfare which killed inncocent Americans on the Lucitania ship.
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In November of 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm stepped down. Germany declared itself a republic. A representative of the new German governement met with a French commander andsigned the armistice.
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In 1920, the Congress Party endorsed civil disobediance, the deliiberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law, and nonviolence as the means to achieve independence.
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Kemal transformed Turkey through sweeping reforms. He seperated the laws of Islam from the laws of the nation. He abolished religious courts and created a new legal system based on European law. He granted women more rights. He launched programs to industrialize Turkey and create economic growth.
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100,000 communist fources fled from Nationalists. Between 1934-35 thousands died from hunger, cold, exposure, and battle wounds. Adventually the surviving communists settled in northwestern China.
