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Mussolini takes over Italy's Government(March on Rome)
Mussolini joined forces to start the Fascist Party in 1921. (It even became an offical party.) They wanted to be given the government and if they were not given it they would take it. Even if they were outnumbered and not trained. The government, not wanting any conflict, told Mussolini that he could be the Prime Minister.
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Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler and the Nazi Party attempted a coup d'état. They began in Munich. They wanted to sieze control of the state government, take contol of Berlin, then take over the federal government. Their aim was to install a new form of government that was based on race. The plan failed.
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
It was an agreement to outlaw war. Aristide Briand first suggested a nonagression pact, but Frank B. Kellogg suggested a general multilateral treaty, which the French agreed to.As a result most nations agreed and signed the pact.
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U.S. Stock Market Crash
Stock prices started to go down between September-October but on October 18 it began to fall rapidly. It kept falling and on Black Tuesday it collapsed completely. This is one of the causes that caused the United States to go into the Great Depression.
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Japan Invades Manchuria
Japan invaded because they were increasing in population and believed Manchuria was extremely rich in minerals. The 1929 Depression was terrible for Japan. With no other solution they turned their attention towards Manchuria. They didn't have good fellings toward the Chinese, so they had no problem with taking over their land.
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Nazi's reach a political majority in Germany
As the Nazi started to gain more and more support their votes got higher. They went from 800,000 votes in 1928 to about 14,000,000 votes in July 1932. Nazi became a majority when they had 230 members in the Reichstag.
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Hitler becomes Germany's Chancellor
President Paul von Hindenburg first refused to name Hitler Chancellor, because of his growing popularity.When the Nazi lost the next vote ex-Chancellor Franz von Papen with the help of German businessmen eventually convinced him to name Hitler Chancellor.
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Japan Withdraws from the League of Nations
With the blame of what had happened in Manchuria Japan withdrawls from the League. The delegation was led by Yosuke Matsuoka. He said the words, "We are not coming back" and left.
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First Anti-Semitic Law is passed in Germany
Jews were excluded from organizations, professions, and other aspects of public life. It restricted how many Jewish students could go school, and even restricted who could have jobs of higher dergree like doctors and lawyers. Jewish doctors were not allowed to treat non- Jewish patients.
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The night of the long knives (Rohm Purge)
With the order of Hitler the Nazi Party got rid of the leadership of the SA. Taking advantage of the purge and killed other enemies of political parties.
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Hitler openly announces to his cabinet he will defy the Treaty of Versailles
He told the Cabinet that they were going to re-arm. No one objected and started to work out the details. The new army would consist of 550,000 men. The League did nothing.
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Creation of the Nuremberg Laws
These laws prohibited Jews to marry or have sexual relation with anyone of German or related blood. They did not define "Jew" as a religion, but of a persons generations of grandparents. Even those who were born Jewish and switched to Christianity.
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Italy invades Ethiopia
Mussolini had adopted Hitler's belief in imperalism and invaded Ethiopia. They wanted to boost Italian nation morale and wanted to collect the minerals in the land.
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Hitler Militarizes the Rhineland
They invade the Rhineland, a demilitarized area, and militarizes them. The land was demilitarized by the Treaty of Versailles. This also violated the Locarno Pact which allowed Germany to join the League.
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Rape of Nanking
Using the clash between Japanese and Chinese troops in Peking as justification they set off an assault in the city. Using tanks, massed infantry, and airstrikes. The fighting moved south. The city of Nanking was unbelievably butchered. Mass killings occured. Around 40,000 lives were took in a vast of six weeks.
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Germany Annexes Austria
There were many Nazi supporters in Austria that wanted to be joined under Germany. In hopes of keeping his country's independence Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg met up with Hitler. Instead of idependence he was pressured into putting Nazi supporters into cabniet. Giving into the pressures of the Nazi he resigned. The next day Hitler moved his troops into Austria.
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Munich Conference
An agreement between Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy that allowed Germany to annex Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia. Hitler felt that they should get the land back. Not wanting any conflict Great Britain, France, and Italy gave it to him.
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Kristallnacht
Known as the 'Night of Broken Glass' Kristallnacht is the night that Nazis in Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland staged anti-Jewish riots in Jewish communities. Destroying 7,500 Jewish businesses, and killed at least 91 Jewish people. They also vandalized Jewish homes, cemeteries, hospitals, and schools. They set fire to them also. No one helped them.
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Einstein’s letter to FDR, “The Manhattan Project”
Einstein wrote a letter to FDR telling and warning him about Germany's discovery of a very power weapon. An atomic bomb. This led to the US's involvement in nuclear war and weapons.
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Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was the pact between Germany and the Soviet Union. It had two parts. It allowed them to exchange goods and they signed a ten year nonaggression pact.
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Nazi invasion of Poland
Hitler wanted to invade Poland for more land for his people. Native Polish people would become slaves to native Germans. About 1.5 million German troops invaded Poland. They invaded by foot, air, and naval. They destroyed the Polish homeland.
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Evacuation of Dunkirk
This was evacuation of British Forces and allied forces. When it ended on June 4, about 198,000 British and 140,000 French and Belgian troops had been saved.
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France Surrenders
Germany invaded France and got control of Paris. Marshal Henri Petain replaces Paul Reynaud as prime minister. He states that he wants to sign an armistice with the Nazis. Most of the people did not want this to happen and kept fighting and resisting agianst the Germans. Petain was suppose to boost morale for the French but instead arranged an armistice with the Nazis.
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Battle of Britain
German and British air forces fought in the skies over the United Kingdom. Many cities were destroyed. The British were able to beat the Germans and stop the air invasion,
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The Tripartite Pact
Germany, Italy, and Japan become allies when signing this pact. This states that they can not attack each other and must help in times of need.
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Lend Lease Act
It allowed for the U.S. military to aid foreign nations during World War II. It allowed them to lend money, arms, and other defensive materials to nations in the war without getting involved physically in the war. The U.S. spent an estimated $341 billion on the war.
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Operation Barbarossa
Over three million German soldiers, 150 divisions, and three thousand tanks marched into the Soviet Union. This operation was the invasion of the S.U.. This was the major turning point of the war. Thinking that they would take over the area quickly they did not prepare for the harsh winter. After this loss, they had a series of losses following.
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Bombing of Pearl Harbor
Hundreds of Japanese fighter planes attacked Pearl Harbor near Honolulu, Hawaii. One day after the devastating assault, where more than 2000 were killed and 1000 were wounded, FDR asked congress to declare war on Japan, they agreed. Not to long after Japanese allies Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States. The U.S. had joined the war.
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Creation of the United Nations
The United Nations was a decleration started by FDR and Winston Churchill, signed by the representatives of 26 countries, who vowed to internationally keep war postwar.
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The Wannsee Conference and the “Final Solution”
The Wannsee Conference was where they decided what they were to do with the Jews in the Nazi occupied areas. The "Final Solution" was what they decided to do. This caused a mass genocide of the Jewish population in the area. They would be captured and killed, either in ditches or in camps. This led to over six million Jewish deaths.
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Bataan Death March
The U.S. surrendered on the Bataan Peninsula. Nearly 75,000 Filipino and American troops were forced to march 65 miles to prison camps. Thousands of troops died, because of heat, hunger, thirst, and the cruel ways they were treated.
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Doolittle Raid
This was the first air raid the U.S, used on Japan. They bombed Japanese island homes. The raid didn't do much material damage, but did boost American morale. The raid also had a strategic impact on the war, it made numerous groups of Japanese militants to go back to the island homes.
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Battle of Midway
This was a major naval battle between the U.S. and Japan six months after Pearl Harbor. It was a U.S. win. It allowed the U.S. and the allies to move into a offensive position instead of defensive. It caused major and permanent damage to the Japanese Navy.
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Battle of Stalingrad
This was a battle between the Soviet Union and Germany. It was a battle to keep the Germans out of the city of Stalingrad. It was a Soviet victory. It was one of the bloodiest battles in history, with a total of 2 million deaths and casualties. Both soldiers and civilians lost their lives.
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Operation Torch
Also called the Algeria-Morocco military campaign. Allies planned an assault on the weakest Axis area which was in North Africa. George Patton lead American troops . Allied troops advanced east into Tunisia and trapped the Germans, causing over 275,000 troops to surrender. Around 480 Allies were killed and 720 wounded. French losses totaled around 1,346 killed and 1,997 wounded.
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Island Hopping
This was a strategy used by American troops. They would move from one island to another and capture them. This allowed them to attack the Japanese more sufficiently.
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Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord was the plan to gain back France from German control. It was part of a two-front war that was used to weaken the Germany forces. They came in through the English Channel. It involved strategic planning and had to happen at a precise time.
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D-Day
D-Day, Operation Overlord, involved the landing of more than 160,000 Allied troops along the French coastline. More than 9,000 Allied Soldiers were killed or wounded, but more than 100,000 soldiers were able to continue toward defeating the Germans. This was a major helping step for the Allies' win.
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Operation Valkyrie
This was the attempt of to end Hitler's life. There was a bomb placed in a suitcase and put next to hitler under a table where he sat by Claus von Stauffenberg, a German officer. The suitcase was moved to the opposite side of the table where it went off. Four people got killed. They found out about Stauffenberg, who left before the bomb exploded, and he was put to death.
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Discovery of Majdanek
The Soviet Union came upon the camp, which was burned in the Nazi's attempt to cover up what they had done, but the gas chambers remained. The Majdanek was the first major consentration camp discovered. It showed the terrible things that had happened the Jewish.
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Battle of the Bulge
This is when German forces pushed the Allies deeper into the Ardennes and it caused a buldge like border. The Battle of the Bulge was the costliest action ever fought by the U.S. Army, which suffered over 100,000 casualties.
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Hitler’s Suicide
Hitler and Eva Braun hid in a bunker where they commited suicide. It is said that they both took cyanide capsules, which was found in his dogs that were down there with them. Hitler then shot himself.
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V-E Day
This is the Allies celebrated victory. This is the day after the surrender of Germany was signed at Rheims.
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Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
An American B-29 bomber was dropped on the city of Hiroshima. This ruined 90 percent of the city and killed 140,000 people in total. Three days later another A-bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki and about 80,000 people died in total. On August 14 they surrendered.
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V-J Day
This was the day Japan surrendered during the war. It was also the end of the war.
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The Nuremberg Trials
This was a series of 13 trials about the war crimes, crimes against peace and crimes against humanity. They were sentenced towards the Nazi Party, high-ranking military officers, and others such as German doctors, lawyers, etc..
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The Japanese War Crime Trials
Held in Tokyo Japan, there was a case against 28 Japanese military and government officials who were accused of commiting war crimes.25 out of the 28 were found guilty. Two had died and one was declared insane. Tojo was one of seven that was sentenced to death, along with Iwane Matsui, who organized the Rape of Nanking. 16 were put in life of inprisonment and two had less time.
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Start of Cold War
The start of the Cold War was because of an ideological difference between the U.S. and USSR. They believed in different types of government and economics. It was a competition between the two super powers over who was the bigger power.
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