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Egypt Chapter 4 Section 1 - The Geography of Egypt

10,000 BCE

The Nile River had six cataracts and flowed from the south to the north. The northern part of Egypt was Lower Egypt and the southern part of Egypt was Upper Egypt. The king of Lower Egypt wore a white crown and Upper Egypt wore a red crown. The first pharaoh, Menes, united Lower and Upper Egypt under his rule. Later, he combined the white and red crown together. (pg. 86-89)

Mesopotamia Chapter 3 - Mesopotamia and the Fertile Cresent

Period: 10,000 BCE to 5000 BCE

The Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Phonicians, Cheldeans, and Hitites settled in Mesopotamia.

Mesopotamia Chapter 3 Section 1 - How People Settled in Mesopotamia

7000 BCE

Mesopotamia doesn't have much rain and it's river flooded a lot. Crops can't grow well for the Sumerians. To solve these problems, Sumerians built canals to control the river's flow. With that, food increased a lot. Because of that, farmers can switch their jobs. (pg. 56-57)

Kush Chapter 4 Section 5 - Ancient Kush

3500 BCE

Last time, the country of Nubia was called Kush. Kush's main focus at first was agriculture. They also depended on the Nile River. Kush and Egypt were not always peaceful. Later on, Kush's army was very strong and the country of Egypt was scared that Kush will take conquer them one day. So, Egypt took over Kush. In the middle 1000s BC, Egypt lost its power. In 850 BC, Kush took over Egypt. In the 670s BC, Kush lost its power because the Assyrians took over them. (pg. 107-111)

Mesopotamia Chapter 3 Section 3 - Cool Sumerian Achievements in Mesopotamia!

3300 BCE

Sumerians made the very first system of writing called cuneiform. They use pictographs (picture symbols) for writing. (pg. 65-66)

Egypt Chapter 4 Section 4 - Egyptian Writing

3300 BCE

The Egyptians created their own writing system called hieroglyphics. They are picture symbols. People used an object made out of reeds called papyrus. In 1799, a French Soldiers discovered a key to the hieroglyphics. That key was called the Rosetta Stone. (pg. 102-103)

Egypt Chapter 4 Section 2 - The Old Kingdom

2700 BCE

The Social Structure (top to bottom):
1. Pharaoh
2. Nobles
3. Scribes and craftspeople
4. Farmers, servants, and slaves When the Third Dynasty started, the Old Kingdom occured. Pharaohs were considered as a king and a god.
(pg. 90-91)

Mesopotamia Chapter 3 Section 2 - The Rise of Sumer

2300 BCE

As Mesopotamia grew, city-states fought with each other for more land. However, in the north of Mesopotamia, the Akkadian Empire was growing. The Akkadian Empire took over Mesopotamia. 50 years later, after Sargon's death (Sargon was the leader of the Akkadian empire), other tribes conquered Akkad. Then, a Mesopotamian city-state, Ur, regained strength and took over the rest of Mesopotamia. (pg. 61-62)

India Chapter 5 Section 1 - Very Early India

2300 BCE

A subcontinent is a huge land that is tinier than a continent. India is a subcontinent. Monsoons in India causes heavy rains in the summer and warm winters in the winter. The very first civilization that settled in India were the Harappans. They settled in the Indus River Valley. From the Caucasus Mts., the Aryans migrated to India. Sanskrit was the language in ancient India. The Harappans built big cities but the Aryans don't. (pg. 124-126 and 128)

Egypt Chapter 4 Section 3 - The Middle Kingdom

2050 BCE

At the end of the Old Kingdom in 2200 BC, the power and richness of the pharaohs were loss. At about 2050 BC, a strong pharaoh, Mentuhotep II, defeated all his enemies and united Egypt. That started the Middle Kingdom. Later on, unfortunately, the Hyksos invaded Egypt. Luckily, the leader of Thebes kicked the Hyksos out of Egypt and named himself the king of all Egypt.

India Chapter 2 Section 2 Hinduism

2000 BCE

The Indians' religion is Hinduism. The Hindu religion was based on poems and hymns that are scared. They believe that everything in this world is an illusion and everyone and everything is part of Brahma. The three major gods are Brahma (creator of the world), Siva (destroyer), and Vishnu (preserver). Everyone is part of Brahma. Once you die, you will be reborn. Reincarnation is the rebirth process. Higher caste if you have a good karma and lower caste if you have a bad karma. (pg. 132-134)

Egypt Chapter 5 Section 2 - The Varnas

2000 BCE

When the Aryan society became more detailed, the Aryans created a social order. They call it the varnas. Each slots in the varnas are called castes. The highest caste were the Brahmins. They were India's priests. Below the Brahmins were the Kshatriyas. They were rulers and warriors. Below the Kshatriyas were the Vaisyas. They were farmers, craftspeople, and traders. Below the Vaisyas were the Sudras. They were workers and servants. (pg. 130-131)

Mesopotamia Chapter 3 Section 4 - Hammurabi's Code

1792 BCE

The Babylonian Empire is one of the empires that took over Mesopotamia. Hammurabi is one of the famous Babylonian kings who created a long list of laws occurs during daily life. Later then, the Hittites, Kassites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and the Phoenicians conquered Mesopotamia. (pg. 72-77)

Egypt Chapter 4 Section 3 - The New Kingdom

1550 BCE

The 18th Dynasty is the beginning of the New Kingdom. Egypt had turned into an empire! The first place they planned to conquer is the Hyksos's land (for revenge maybe). They also took over Syria, the whole eastern shore of the Mediterranean, and Kush. Trade routes also expanded. Unfortunately, later, the Sea Peoples defeated Egypt and Egypt lost its power. Not much is known about the Sea Peoples.

India Chapter 5 Section 3 - Sirddhartha's Life and the Origins of Buddism

563 BCE

Sirddhartha is a prince that was born on 563 BC in a rich family. As he grew up, he doesn't like the teaching of Hinduism. He felt that something in life was missing. Before his age of 30, he travelled through India to find the answers of the meaning of human life. No one could tell him the answers he's searching. With that, Sirddhartha went to a tree know called the Tree of Wisdom. In that tree, he fasted and meditated for seven weeks. (pg. 136-137)

India Chapter 5 Section 3 Part 2 - Sirddhartha's Life and the Origins of Buddism

528 BCE

After seven weeks of meditation, Siddhartha then found out that there are three things that is human suffering.
1. wanting what we like but do not have
2. wanting to keep what we like and already have
3. not wanting to have what we dislike but have
After meditation for seven more weeks, he told his former friends about his ideas. After finding enlightenment from the tree, he became the Buddha. He travelled across the northern India to tell others his new ideas for the rest of his life. (pg. 137)

India Chapter 5 Section 4 - The Mauryan Empire

320 BCE

The Mauryan Empire started in the 320s, when Candragupta Maurya conquered the northern part of India. Later on, in 301 BC, he became a Jainist monk and gave his throne to his son, who eventually expanded the Mauryan Empire. Somewhere in 270 BC, Asoka (Maurya's grandson) conquered most of India. After many violent battles, Asoka converted into a Buddhist and swore not to fight again. Before India spit into small states again, he built many things to upgrade India before dying. (pg. 142-143)

India Chapter 5 Section 5 - Math and Other Sciences

300

The Hindu-Arabic numerals are the numbers that we all equip today. The Indians even created the number zero. Math today won't be here if there are no zeros. If anyone has a disease or is injured, the Indians know which medicines to fight against that disease and what to do to recover an injury. Apart from math and medicine, the Indians even study astronomy. They even knew Earth orbits around the sun. They can even tell when an eclipse will be on hand. (pg. 150-151)

India Chapter 5 Section 5 - Art and Metallurgy of India

300

As time passes, Hindu and Buddhist temples became greater and better. In most temples, carvings and paintings of their religion were placed and painted. Indians also know how to work with metals. Their understanding of metallurgy helped them to create strong-quality iron weapons and tools. They even how how to create alloys! Alloys are the combination of two or more metals. Because the Indians' metal is very strong, iron was one of their most valuable item to trade. (pg. 147-148 and 150)

India Chapter 5 Section 4 - The Gupta Empire

320

The Gupta Empire started when Candra Gupta I took over northern India, and other lands near his empire. Hinduism became India's main religion. Since Candra Gupta I supported Buddhism and Jainism as well, he allowed Buddhism and Jainism beliefs and stuff in India. When Candra Gupta II took over, he conquered even more of India. Unfortunately, the Huns, a group of Central Asia conquered India. Because of that, the Gupta Empire came to an end. (pg. 144-145)

Mesopotamia Modern Event - Malaysia-Laws

2017

Our modern laws were inspired by Hammurabi's Code.

India Modern Event - Numbers We Use Today

2017

India's Hindu-Arabic numerals are numbers of what we equip today.

Egypt Modern Event - Pyramids

2017

Some pyramids that were built in ancient Egypt are still left here today.