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- one of the most devastating pandemics in human history
- carried by rats on merchant ships
- killed 30-60% of Europe's population
- took 150 years for the population to recover
- aftermath created religious, social, and economic problems
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- Greek and Roman literature, art and architecture was reborn in this period
- overlaps with the late Middle Ages Period
- problem was that people felt they were being separated from the classical age
- beginning of humanism and individualism
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- turning point of the Hundred Years War
- after 80 years of warfare, the siege of Orleans went on for months
- Joan of Arc was sent by Charles of France to attack the English
- eventually gained the upperhand in the siege of Orleans
- ended in 1431
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- a way of creating and convincing the perfect illusion on a 2D surface
- printers and sculptors became obsessed, especially when the information was published by Leon Battista Alberti
- it eliminates multiple view points
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- invented the printing press with removable metal/wooden letters
- dropped the price of printing and made books/writings more accessible
- it was standard until the 20th century
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- buried in Florence, Italy
- he was the wealthiest man of his time
- controlled Florence with his wealth
- he was an important patron of Renaissance art
- he was an Italian Merchant Prince
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- Copernicus was a Rennaissance astronomer
- was the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the centre of the universe
- was the first person in history to create a complete and general system combining mathematics, physics, and cosmology
- took from 1473-1543
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- used for both political and religious reasons
- could be run by both civil and church authorities
- main purpose is to root out the non-believers
- one of the most deadly inquisitions in history
- goal was to purify the people of Spain
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- Botticelli's most famous painting
- one of the most treasured artworks of the Renaissance
- represents not a Christian legend, but a classical myth
- Botticelli was the first to create large scale mythology scenes, some based on historical accounts
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- completed 4 voyages cross the Atlantic Ocean
- lead the first lasting contact with America
- he saw his accomplishment primarily in the light of spreading Christian religion
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- painted for Duke Ludovico Sforza and his dutchess Beatrice d'Este
- took from 1495-1498 to finish
- represents Jesus' last days when Jesus announces that one of his 12 apostals would betray him
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- was painted from 1510-1511
- represents all the greatest mathemiticians, philosophers and scientists from different times gathered together sharing ideas under one roof
- Raphael was 27 when he painted this
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- commissioned by Pope Julius II
- was a visual metahor of humankind's need for a covenant with God -he refused at first, protesting that he was a sculptor, not a painter
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- original title was in Latin "De Principatibus"
- first printed version was published 5 years after his death
- was done by the permission of the Medici Pope Clement VII
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- meaning "ideal and imaginary islant nation"
- wrote a book describing a fictional island in the Atlantic Ocean
- in Utopia, with communal ownership of land, private property does not exist
- men and women are educated alike, and there is almost complete religious toleration
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- changed the course of human history when he nailed his 95 theses to the church door at Wittenberg
- many cite this act as the primary starting point of the Protestant Reformation
- Luther's changes challenged the position of the clergy in regard to individual salvation
- before long, Luther's 95 Theses had been published around Europe
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- a series of wars waged in Europe
- all strongly influenced by religion
- different view on religion resulted in these wars
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- Grand Prince of Moscow from 1530 - his death
- first ruler to be crowned as Tsar of all Russia
- he was intelligent and devout, yet given to rages and prone to episodic outbreaks of mental illness
- one notable outburst resulted in the death of heir Ivan Ivanovich
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- devoted Catholic
- Spanish soldier injury caused him to go through a spritual conversion
- this lead him to priesthood
- he formed an institute of the society of Jesus
- useing the guidance of the pope, they went on foreign missions to educate youth, sick, prisoners, and anyone in society seeking God
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- Dutch humanist
- most famous and influential humanist of the Northern Renaissance
- phenomenally productive writer
- did more than any other single person to advance the Revival of Learning
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- excommunicated because he wanted to divorce Catherine and marry Anne
- he needed a son and Catherine couldn't give him one
- Pope wouldn't let them divorce
- build his own church and made himself head of it, so he could divorce Catherine and marry Anne
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- Philip inherited the throne in 1550, with many economical problems
- he appeared to be Europe's wealthiest monarch
- he never raised enough cash to cover his expenditure and as a result, had to declare bankruptcy
- after bankruptcy, Spain's debt got worse
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- she was 25 years old
- took place in Westminster Abbey
- the ritual itself was a compromise between the Catholic practics that existed and the Protestant ones that she intended to introduce
- she was crowned in Latin by a Catholic bishop
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- one of the most horrifying holocaust's in history
- there were so many corpses in the rivers of Europe, that fish were not eaten for many months
- was the murder of French Protestants
- estimated 3000 were killed in Paris, and 70 000 in all of France
- there was hatred between Protestants and Catholics - resulted in resumption of civil war
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- put a temporary end to the ferocious religious wars between Roman Catholics and Protestants
- promoted at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore eternal peace in France
- the Edict defined the rights of the French Protestants
