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Bubonic plague is a zoonotic disease, circulating mainly among small rodents and their fleas, and is one of three types of infections caused by Yersinia pestis (formerly known as Pasteurella pestis), which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Without treatment, the bubonic plague kills about two thirds of infected humans within 4 days.
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The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. Though the invention of printing sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe
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Brunelleschi was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. He is perhaps most famous for his studies of linear perspective and engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also include other architectural works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering and even ship design. His principal surviving works are to be found in Florence, Italy.
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The Siege of Orléans (1428–1429) marked a turning point in the Hundred Years' War between France and England. This was Joan of Arc's first major military victory and the first major French success to follow the crushing defeat at Agincourt in 1415. The outset of this siege marked the pinnacle of English power during the later stages of the war.
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Johann Gutenberg was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe. His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the Printing Revolution and is widely regarded as the most important event of the modern period.
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Còsimo di Giovanni degli Mèdici (27 September 1389 – 1 August 1464) was the first of the Medici political dynasty, de facto rulers of Florence during much of the Italian Renaissance; also known as "Cosimo 'the Elder'" ("il Vecchio") and "Cosimo Pater Patriae" (Latin: 'father of the nation').
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Anybody who deliberately chose to disobey the Catholic Religion was brutally tortured. This lasted for about 350 years in Spain. it ended in 1834.
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The Birth of Venus is a 1486 painting by Sandro Botticelli. It depicts the goddess Venus, having emerged from the sea as a fully grown woman, arriving at the sea-shore (which is related to the Venus Anadyomene motif). The painting is held in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.
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Christopher Columbus (before 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy.Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere.
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The Last Supper is a 15th century mural painting in Milan created by Leonardo da Vinci for his patron Duke Ludovico Sforza and his duchess Beatrice d'Este. It represents the scene of The Last Supper from the final days of Jesus as it is told in the Gospel of John 13:21, when Jesus announces that one of his Twelve Disciples would betray him.
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The "School of Athens" is one of a group of four main frescoes on the walls of the Stanza (those on either side centrally interrupted by windows) that depict distinct branches of knowledge. Each theme is identified above by a separate tondo containing a majestic female figure seated in the clouds, with putti bearing the phrases: “Seek Knowledge of Causes”, “Divine Inspiration”, “Knowledge of Things Divine” (Disputa), “To Each What Is Due
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The Sistine Chapel ceiling, is a painting by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, at the commission of Pope Julius II, is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art. The ceiling is that of the large Papal Chapel built within the Vatican between 1477 and 1480 by Pope Sixtus IV after whom it is named. The chapel is the location for Papal Conclaves and many important services
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Machiavelli wrote the prince to ingratiate himself with the Medici princes, who had taken over the Government of his native city, Florence.
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Utopia (in full: De optimo reip. statv, deque noua insula Vtopia, libellus uere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festiuus) is a work of fiction and political philosophy by Thomas More published in 1516.
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The Ninety-Five Theses, was written by Martin Luther, 1517 and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences.
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A series of wars that took place in Europe that involed religion. This started by protesters putting up anti- Catholic posters.
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In 1533 Pope Paul III had announced that King Henry VIII of England had been excommunicated from the Catholic church
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Ivan the terrible, or Ivan IV, was proclaimed the grand duke on the day of his father's death (in1533)
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Ignatius spent a lot of time in Rome organised the work of the Jesuits , being the order's first General.
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It is estimated that Desiderius died sometime in July in the year 1536. He died from dysentery during the night. When he died, he left all his property to the poor.
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Religion no longer occured,and free thinking began. Copernicus had the idea that the planets did not revolve around the Earth, but rather the sun.
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Phillip II declared four seperate state bankruptcies between the years 1557- 1596. Spain was the first sovereign nation to declare bankruptcy.
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The coronation of Queen Elizabeth I took place on January 15,1559 in Westminister, Abbey in London after the death of her sister Queen Mary I.
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A murder of thousands of Calvinist Protestants in Paris. This lead to the Edict of Nantes in 5198.
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Henry IV granted the Huguenots (Calvinist Protestants of France) substantial rights in a nation still considered Catholic.
