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Plague caused a fever, and black spots on your chest sometimes, and sometimes great big black swellings on your armpits and at the top of your legs. That's why they called it the Black Death. These swellings got hard like rocks and hurt, and then in a day or two people usually died. There was no effective treatment, though of course people tried all kinds of things, from magic to surgery.
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The renaissance marked a great cultural change throughout Europe and is viewed as a bridge between the medieval and modern ages. Scholars schooled in literature, notably the intellectual movement known as the humanists, rediscovered Greek and Latin texts and began to teach Latin literature. Beginning in Italy the new thinking eventually spread to the rest of Europe.
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Filippo Brunelleschi, demonstrated the geometrical method of perspective, used today by artists, by painting the outlines of various Florentine buildings onto a mirror.
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This was Joan of Arc's first major military victory and the first major French success to follow the crushing defeat at Agincourt.
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Johannes Gutenberg created his printing press, a hand press, in which ink was rolled over the raised surfaces of moveable hand-set block letters held within a wooden form and the form was then
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Cosimo de Medici (27 September 1389 – 1 August 1464) was the first of the Medici political dynasty, and ruler during much of the Italian Renaissance.
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The Spanish Inquisition was a religious tribunal or court. It was responsible for the jailing, trial, torture, and execution of "heretics," mostly Jews accused of not completely converting to Catholicism. During its activities many thousands of Jews had to flee the country.
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Sandro Botticelli was a master of Renaissance art and The Birth of Venus, one of his most famous works, now hangs in the Uffizi gallery in Florence. The painting shows Venus, the goddess of love, in an interpretation of classical myth. Botticelli painted this pagan theme at a time when most paintings depicted Christian ideals and the vast majority of women in paintings were depicted as a chaste Virgin Mary, so it is surprising that he chose to paint Venus as a nude.
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*Completed four voyages across the Atlantic ocean.*He lead the the first lasting contact with America.*He saw his accomplishment primarly in the light of spreading the Christian religion.
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Painted for Duke Ludovico Sforza and his duchess Beatrice d'Este
The painting represents Jesus' last days when Jesus announces that one of his twelve apostals would betray him. -
In 1508 the young native of Urbino had been recommended to Julius II by Donato Bramante, the pope's architect, and also a native of Urbino. So enthusiastic was the pope when he saw the fresco that Raphael received the commission to paint the entire papal suite. The Stanza della Segnatura was to be Julius' library, Bibiotheca Iulia, which would house a small collection of books intended for his personal use. The Fresco of Raphael's School of Athens is a masterpiece of Art.
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Commissioned by Pope Julius II
This was a visual metaphor of humankind's need for a covenant with God. -
The original title was in latin, "De Principatibus"*The first printed version was published fives years after his death. This was done by the permission of the Medici Pope Clement VII
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*Meaning: Ideal and imaginary island naton.
*Wrote a book describing a fictional island in the Atlantic Ocean. -
The background to Luther's Ninety-Five Theses centers on practices within the Catholic Church regarding baptism and absolution. Significantly, the Theses rejects the validity of indulgences (remissions of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven).
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The European wars of religion were a series of wars waged in Europe from ca. 1524 to 1648, following the onset of the Protestant Reformation in Western and Northern Europe. Although sometimes unconnected, all of these wars were strongly influenced by the religious change of the period, and the conflict and rivalry that it produced.
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He was excommunicated because he wanted a divorce with Catherine, and marry Anne Boleyn. He needed a son and Catherine couldn't give him one.
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Ivan IV, know as Ivan the Terrible, is most known for his brutal ruling, centralised administration of Russia and expantion of the boundaries of the Russian Empire.
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Otherwise known as Society of Jesus, and is considered the enforcement arm of the Catholic Church.
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Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam was the most famous and influential humanist of the Northern Renaissance, a man of great talent and industriousness who rose from obscure beginnings to become the leading intellectual figure of the early sixteenth century, courted by rulers and prelates who wanted to enhance their own reputations by association with the greatest scholar of the age.
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Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.
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-Philip inherited the throne in 1556, with many economical problems
-He appeared to be Europe's wealthiest monarchy
- He never raised enough cash to cover his expenditure and as a result had to declare state ‘bankruptcies’.
-After the bankruptcies, Spain's dept just got worse. -
The coronation of the first Elizabeth is of considerable interest to us and of greater historical importance than most. Not only was it the last occasion on which the Latin service was used, as throughout Plantagenet times, and with the Roman mass, but what happened on the occasion was a portent of the policy the new Queen would pursue, a pointer to the Elizabethan religious settlement which has subsisted essentially unchanged ever since.
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The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion.
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The Edict of Nantes marked the end of France’s Wars of Religion. Over the course of these wars a series of treaties had been negotiated that provided certain privileges to the Huguenots. However, all had been broken. The Edict of Nantes integrated the various religious provisions of this series of broken treaties and provided a number of additional ones.
