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Toussaint L'Ouverture
A former slave who created a disciplined military force. The leader of the rebellious slaves. -
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Louis XVI
assumed the throne in 1775 when he was 22 years old. He attempted to gain popular support by recalling the exiled members of the Parliament of Paris. He was also executed by Parisians in 1793 by the guillotine. -
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French & Indian War
A war that began along the American frontier between French & British forces & their Amerindian allies. -
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Marie Antoinette
Louis XVI’s wife and also executed by the guillotine -
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Seven Years' War
The war was caused because British victory led to undisputed control of North America east of the Mississippi River while also forcing France to surrender most of its holdings in India. -
Invention of the Spinning Jenny
Invention by Richard Arkwright that draws out fibers and twisted them into thread. -
spinning jenny
Invention by Richard Arkwright that draws out fibers and twisted them into thread. -
Watt's Steam Engine
A machine that turns the energy released running fuel into motion. Steampower was later applied to moving machinery in factories & to powering ships & locomotives. -
water frame
Also by Arkwright, that produced thread strong enough to be used without linen. -
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Napoleon
Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. -
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American Revolution
In British North America, clumsy efforts to increase colonial taxes to cover rising defense expenditures & to diminish the power of elected colonial legislatures outraged a populace accustomed to effective local autonomy. -
Declaration of the Rights of Man
statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly. -
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French Revolution
a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society transformed -
Storming of the Bastille
crowd searching for military supplies attacked the Bastille. -
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Haitian Revolution
the Revolution was a series of rebellions against slavery. The revolution gave Haiti independence from France. -
Whitney's Cotton Gin
in 1793 the American Eli Whitney patented his cotton gin, a simple device that separated the bolls or seedpods from the fibers and made cotton growing economical -
Britain outlaws Slave Trade
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Congress of Vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. -
Waterloo
Napoleon was defeated by an allied army at Waterloo, in Belgium, after only one hundred days in power. -
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Industrial Revolution
Transformation of the economy, environment & living conditions, occuring first in England that resulted from the use of steam engines, the machanization of manufacturing in factories & innovations in transportations & communication -
Mexican Independence
In 1821 Colonel Agustin de Iturbide and other loyalist commanders forged an alliance with remaining insurgents and declared Mexico’s independence -
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Brazilian Independence
Declared by Pedro, Brazil gained independence by constitutional monarchy. Celebrated September 7. -
Dissolution of the Janissaries
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End of Atlantic Slave Trade
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Greek Independence
self-determination grew throughout Europe. Greece had been under Ottoman control since the 15th century. In 1821 Greek patriots launched an independence movement -
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Opium Wars
War between Britain & the Qing Empire, that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing gov't's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. -
Invention of the Telegraph
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Revolutions in Austria, Germany, Hungary, and Italy
) in 1848 the desire for democratic reform and national self-determination and the frustrations of urban workers led to upheavals in Europe -
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Taiping Rebellion
The most destructive civil war before the 20th century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion that threatened to topple the Qing Empire. -
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Crimean War
Conflict Between the Russian and ottoman empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. -
Sepoy Rebellion
The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy rebellion. -
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Suez Canal
Ship canal dug across the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. -
Emancipation of the Russian Serfs
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Meiji Restoration
The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawas Shogunate in 1868, in whichi a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, and imperialism. -
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Imperialization of Africa
Sudden wave of conquest in Africa by European powers. -
Boxer Rebellion
A Chinese secret society, The Righteous Fists, rose up with the encouragement for the Empress Dowager Cixi & attacked foreigners & their establishments. -
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Panama Canal
Ship canal cut across the Isthmus of Panama by the US Army engineers, it opened in 1914. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coast of North America. US turned canal over to Panama on January 1, 2000. -
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Afrikaners
South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century, Their Great Trek founded new settler’s colonies in the 19th century. Though a minority among south Africans, they held political power after 1910, imposing a system of racial segregation called apartheid after 1949. -
African National Congress
An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 and helped bring majority rule to Africa. -
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Aswan Dam
One of the largest damsn in the world. It captured the annual Nile flood & released its waters throughout the year, allowing farmers to grow two, sometimes 3 crops a year.