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a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."
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the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while being nonviolent.
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The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.
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was ratified in 1870, contained two sections. Section One stated that ''The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of race color or previous condition of servitude. Section Two granted the U.S. Congress the power to enforcement through legislation.
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The law, which required that all passenger railways provide separate cars for blacks and whites,
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His strong belief in non-violent protest helped set the tone of the movement.
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to law, usually done with the aim of bring about change in the law or policies of the government.
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children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
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It was the first mass-action of the modern civil rights era, and served as an inspiration to other civil rights activists across the nation.
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a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957.
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Though able to vote on paper, only about 20% of southern blacks were actually registered to vote.
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The March on Washington was an interracial march by 250,000 blacks and whites on August 28, 1963
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It also addressed the fact that African Americans were denied the right to vote in the Deep South.
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It eliminated various devices that had traditionally been used to restrict voting by black people.
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As counsel to the NAACP, he utilized the judiciary to champion equality for African Americans.
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a state law discriminating against black persons.
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African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.