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After the American civil war. southern plantation owners were challenged to find help working the lands that slaves had farmed
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were laws passed by Democrat-controlled Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.
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declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall exist within the united states or any place subject to their jurisdiction."
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was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed.
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granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
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Mandated separate facilities for whites and blacks, and the black facilities were usually worse.
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most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged transgressor or to intimidate a group.
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Case involved segregated train facilities in Louisiana. court ruled that "separate but equal" did not violate 14th amendment's equal protection clause.
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Thurgood Marshall was an associate Justice of the supreme court of the United States, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice.
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He was an American politician who served as the governor of Arkansas from 1955 to 1967.
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She was an activist in the civil rights movement, whom the united states congress called "the first lady of civil right"
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Dr. Hector Perez Garcia was an advocate for hispanic-american rights during the chicano movement. He was the first Mexican-American member of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission and was awarded the Medal of Freedom.
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was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Alabama, having served two nonconsecutive terms and two consecutive terms as a democrat
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She was an American writer, activist, and feminist. A leading figure in the women's movement in the
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Cesar Chavez was an american labor leader and civil rights activist who with Dolores Huerta co-founded the national farm workers association in 1962.
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Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement
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Civil disobedience is the active professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government or of an occupying international power
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he was a trinidadian-american who became a prominent figure in the Civil Rights Movement and the global Pan-African movement. He grew up in the United States from the age of 11 and became an activist while he attended Howard University
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The Congress of Racial Equality is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for African Americans in the Civil Rights Movement.
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Nonviolent resistance (NVR or nonviolent action) is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while being nonviolent.
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Sought to overturn Kansas law allowing school segregation, But NAACP recruited brown. Others tried to enroll their children in schools nearest to their homes but schools refused.
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was a 14-year-old African-American who was lynched in Mississippi in 1955, after a white woman said she was offended by him in her family's grocery store
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a seminal event in the Civil Rights Movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama
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The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. which caused racial segregation in public schools
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the Supreme Court orders the lower federal courts to require desegregation "
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enacted September 9, 1957, primarily a voting rights bill was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875
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The Southern Christian Leadership Conference is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Martin Luther King Jr, had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.
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he Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960, which led to the Woolworth department store chain removing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States
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also known as reservation in India and Nepal, positive action in the UK, and employment equity in Canada and South Africa, is the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer or have suffered from discrimination within a culture.
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Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States
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riots erupted on the campus of the University of Mississippi in Oxford where locals, students, and committed segregationists had gathered to protest the enrollment of James Meredith, a black Air Force veteran attempting to integrate the all-white school.
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When African American students attempted to desegregate the University of Alabama in June 1963, Alabama's new governor, flanked by state troopers, literally blocked the door of the enrollment office
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The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom the March on Washington, or The Great March on Washington was held in Washington
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is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting
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The Watts riots sometimes referred to as the Watts Rebellion took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 16, 1965.
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The Black Panther Party or the BPP was a revolutionary black nationalist and socialist organization founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in October 1966
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amendments act of 1972 is a federal law that states, "No person in the United States shall on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
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He was an American politician and he served as governor of the state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971.
