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in a naval battle in the Indonesian Archipelago -
wrote our remedies oft in ourselves do lie, which we ascribe to heaven -
She dies at the age of 69. James 1 becomes king -
James request translation of the Bible to be known as the Authorized King James bible -
the Dutch discover northern Australia -
the Dutch defeat a Spanish fleet at Gibraltar -
Johann Kepler has learned that Mars is moving about the sun and not in a perfect circle
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the first barreled Tabaco reached England from the colony of Virginia
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A Dutch sea Captain, Dirk Hartog, was blown off course and discovered Western Australia -
slaves are being transported to the west Indies to replace those Africans who have died there
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in England the slide rule is invented
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Puritans were blown off course and land in Massachusetts
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they have a meal with the Wampanoag
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he published his ideas about the universe. Intellectual applause him but the church prohibited further sale of the book.
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the town of Boston was founded -
he arrives in what is now Rhode Island, where he is to establish a settlement -
a raid by the Pequot Indians kills 600 members of the Massachusetts Bay Colony -
the Dutch painter Rembrandt Van Rijn paints The Rabbi -
The French establish an outpost at the mouth of Africa's Senegal river where they trade gum and slaves
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Cromwell defeats Scottish armies
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he decided to join Louis XIV of France in another war against the Dutch
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Africa the English destroy the French fort on the Senegal river
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the world is populated by between 600 and 680 million people, up from between 540 to 580 in 1600 roughly calculated
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hardship increased taxation and misconception provoke rebellion by russia
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small pox brought to the cape town region decimates khoikhoi people and kills many whites
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arrives at the port of Marseilles
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Peter the Great dies at the age of 52 after plunging into icy waters to save a solider
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In Brazil, Europeans begin planting coffee
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Benjamin Franklin agricultural handbook, Poor Richards Almanac was published
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George Hadley published the first explanation of trade winds
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A science Academy was made in Denmark
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Seafaring trade between Europe to the East around Africa's the Cape of Good Hope had by now ended the overland caravan spice trade. The Middle East's share in world trade had been declining.
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An average of 60,000 slaves are being exported from Africa per year.
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Portugal appoints its first governor to its coastal and inland possessions in East Africa, called Mozambique, and Portugal declares Mozambique a colony.
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Earthquake, tsunami and fire destroys much of Lisbon and, it is said, kills over 100,000 people. People wonder how God could have allowed so much suffering. The German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz defends God, claiming that with God as the author of nature everything works out for the best, that God's wisdom is supreme. -
British arms have succeeded against the French in North America. French resistance there ends. -
A Scottish instrument maker, James Watt, creates a condenser for steam engines. It will be eleven years before it will be put to use.
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Monsoon rains have not arrived, leaving grain crops in Bengal diminished. Famine appears, killing perhaps a third of Bengal's population.
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The Dutch claim the Gamtoos River, 700 kilometers east of Cape Town, as their eastern border in South Africa.
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Oxygen is discovered by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Europeans have been investigating the properties of gasses.
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A Baptist Church for black slaves is founded is South Carolina Colony. -
Vermont establishes itself as a colony with a constitution that abolishes slavery, institutes universal manhood suffrage and requires support for public education. -
South Carolina becomes the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation
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The state of Pennsylvania passes a law freeing children born of slaves. Those born prior to the Act are to remain enslaved for life. -
George Washington's most trusted general, General Gates, is chasing the British through the woods of South Carolina, into Virginia and back again into North Carolina. The British are low on supplies, stealing from the Americans and enraging them.
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The United States signs the Treaty of Hopewellwith the Cherokees (November 28). It lays out boundaries of land that is supposed to belong to the Cherokees. -
On November 21, North Carolina becomes the twelfth state to ratify the US Constitution.
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On May 29, Rhode Island becomes the last and thirteenth state to ratify the US Constitution.
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In England, executing women for treason by burning them at the stake is abolished. -
Russia, Austria and Prussia participate in the Third Partition of Poland.
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The first graphite pencils are introduced.
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Napoleon invades Egypt with a plan to cut Britain's trade route to India (although the Suez Canal has yet to be been built). A British naval force, led by Admiral Horatio Nelson, smashes the French navy at anchor at Abu Qir bay, near Alexandria, Egypt – the French losing 6,200 men as casualties and prisoners.
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In a secret treaty with Spain, the Treaty of San Ildefonso, France regains Louisiana. -
Britain is rising as an industrial power. The average life expectancy is around 40. A fictional "better-off" family will be described as drinking water that has a cow taste because it is taken from a brook from which cows drink. Meat is rare. Dental care is poor. The family eats with wooden spoons. Candles are rarely used because they cost too much. The father "visited the city once, but the travel cost him a week's wages... The children sleep two to a bed on straw mattresses on the floor.
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A German makes morphine from opium. Physicians are delighted that opium has been tamed. Morphine is lauded for its reliability and safety.
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the French are driven from Portugal.
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The British return to the Dutch their empire in Indonesia.
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the US has becomes the world's biggest cotton producer of raw cotton.
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A treaty is signed between the United States and the declining power of Spain. The US buys Florida for 5 million dollars, money the US government gives to US citizens with claims against Spain. Spain receives an established line separating the US from its territory in North America.
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In Vienna the accordion is invented. -
New York passes a state law emancipating slaves. -
Scotch tape is invented. -
Mexico abolishes slavery in its territories, hoping to discourage migration into Texas from the United States.
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The first railway station opens in the United States – in Baltimore Maryland. -
President Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act, which rips the Cherokee and other eastern tribes from their homes and banishes them to areas west of the Mississippi River.
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joseph Smith Jr. of New York organizes the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. -
In England the lawn mower is invented. -
A Frenchman patents a sewing machine. -
Britain makes New Zealand a colony.
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The Congress of the United States approves the annexation of Texas. Mexico breaks relations with the United States. President Polk sends troops to Texas.
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In the United States, Elias Howe invents a "lock-stitch" sewing machine. -
In Belgium, Adolphe Sax invents the saxaphone.
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A gold rush begins in Central California. -
Louis-Napoleon is declared Emperor Napoleon III. He would like to create a dynasty. France is no longer a republic. It is called the Second Empire.
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In Germany, workers making mirrors have lost all of their teeth. A professor of medicine discovers they are victims of mercury poisoning. His findings lead to government regulations requiring alternative mirror making processes.
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In the United States the first paper money is issued. -
Thirty-eight Lakota Sioux are hanged before a crowd of angry whites in the town of Mankato, Minnesota. President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation becomes law. Slavery ends in Dutch ruled Indonesia. Cambodia become a French protectorate, with the approval of its king, Norodom. In Britain, legislators respond to air pollution from the chemical industry by creating the Alkali Act for reducing hydrogen chloride emissions during alkali production.
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The Territory of Utah allows women to vote.
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Pennsylvania a coal mine fire suffocates 179 men. The state responds by passing mine safety laws.
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In Canada the light bulb is invented. Thomas Edison buys the patent. Britain has bought into part ownership of the Suez Canal enterprise. Southern Africa has became the largest diamond producing area in the world. Prospectors discover gold in the Black Hills of South Dakota, an area that the US government has promised the Sioux would be theirs forever.
