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Toussaint L' Ouverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effectice independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. -
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Unit 4
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Early Industrial Revolution
The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the 18th century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, and innovations in transportation and communication. -
Invention of the Spinning Jenny
It was invented by James Hargreaves in England. The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once. This grew to 120 as technology advanced. -
Watt's Steam Engine
A machine that turns the energy releasing by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly imporved his device in the 1760's and 1770's. Steam power was later applied to moving machinery in factories and to powereing ships and locmotives. -
Invention of the Water Frame
Is the name given to the spinning frame, when water power is used to drive it. Both are credited to Richard Arkwright who patented the technology in 1768. Unlike the Spinning Jenny, the Water Frame could only spin one thread at a time till the spinning mule in 1779. It was extremely dependent on the weather. -
Whitney's Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney was an American inventor. The cotton gin is a mechanical device which removes the seeds from cotton, a process which was intense and extreme labor. A single cotton gin could generate up to 55 pounds of cleaned cotton, daily! This conrtibuted to the ecnonomic development if the southern states -
End of Slave Trade
An Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom. Abolished the slave trade in the British Empire, but not slavery itself. Slavery had been abolished in England itself since 1772. Slavery remained legal in most of the British Empire until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. -
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Mexican Independence
Was an armed conflict between the Spanish and the people of Mexico. Led by Mexican-born Spaniards, Mestizos and Amerindrians who sought independence from Spain. The Patriots were lead by Miguel Hidalgo. The result was the First Mexican Empire. -
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Greek Independence
Before, after the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Empire, most of Greece was under the Ottoman rule. Greeks revolted frequently, and developed a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria in an attempt to liberate Greece. Assisted by European Powers the Greeks were independent from the Ottoman Empire. -
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Brazilian Independence
A series of disputes between Brazil and Portugal. Celebrated on September 7. Pedro in 1822 and his fellow companions spread the notice of Brazilian independence from Portugal arriving in the city of Sao Paulo and was claimed Emperor of Brazil, back at Rio de Janeiro was was claimed Constitiutional Emperor. -
Dissolution of the Janissaries
The forced disbandment of the centuries-old Janissary corps by Ottoman sultan Mahmud II. The sultan informed the Janissaries, through a fatwa, that he was forming a new army, which incited them to revolt. During their advance on the sultan's palace, the Janissary barracks were destroyed by Ottoman artillery. Survivors either fled or were executed, and their possessions were confiscated by the Sultan, with the last of the Janissaries being put to death by decapitation. -
Invention of the telegraph
A telegraph that uses electrical signals, usually conveyed via telecommunication lines or radio. The first form of electrical telecommunications. Telegraph developed in 1836 by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. Morse also developed Morse Code, the code used in communication. -
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Opium War
War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing goverment's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The British won, China was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanking in which Britain was given Most favored nation status. -
Afrikaners' Great Trek
South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the 17 century. Founded by the arrival of Jan Van Riebeeck in Cape Town. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the 19 century . Though a minority amoung South Africans, the held political power after 1910, imposing a system of racial segregation called apartheid after 1949. -
Revoultions of 1848
A series of political upheavals throughout Europe. Began in France with the French Revolution of 1848, which then spread across Europe. While the Revolutions were quick, they were very violent, leaving tens of thousands of people tortured or dead. Did little to change the immediate political atmosphere, however. it did have many far reaching effects. -
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Taiping Rebellion
The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion that threatened to topple the Qing Empire. It was a widespread civil war in southern China led by heterodox Chridtian convert Hong Xiuquan. About 20 million people died, mainly civilans. -
Commodore Matthew Perry in Japan
A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, in the bay of Endo (now Tokyo) became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years. -
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Crimean War
Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansaion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. Russia wanted access to Medditerrian, one of the many causes to World War one. Russian defeat. -
Sepoy Rebellion
The rvolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. -
British take over of India
The dissolution of the East India Company in forced the British to directly administer the Indian population through the Crown in the new British Raj. Essentially bought the Mughal Dynasty to its end. The end of the British East India Company's rule in India. Quite literally placed India in a "out of the frying pan and into the fire" situation, as they were free of the corporations control, but were then politically enslaved. -
Emanicpation of the Russian Serfs
All serfs were freed in a major agraian reform, stimulated by the fear voiced by Tsar Alexander II. Serfdom was abolished in 1861, but its abolition was achieved on terms unfavorable to the peasants and served to increase revolutionary pressures. It was replaced by landless laborers and sharecropping. -
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Suez Canal
Ship canal dug across the isthmus of the Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategc importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. -
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Meiji Restoration
The political program the followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralizaton, industrailization, and imperialism. -
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Imperialization of Africa
Was a process of invasion, attack, occupation, and annexation of African territory. The Portuguese had been the first euopeans to firmly establish settlements. Countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the UK all established African colonies. Known as the age of Discovery. Mostly peaceful travelings by the explorers. -
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Aswan Dam
Intended to reduce flooding and to support population growth in the lower Nile. British began construction of the first dam across the Nile in 1898. Provided inadequate flood protection. Was the largest masonry dam in the world at the time of it's construction. -
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Boxer Rebellion
Also called the Boxer Uprising-was because of opposing foreign imperialism and Christianity. Devastated by the Taiping Rebellion in 1900 the Chinese secret society, the Righteous Fists, rose up with encouragement of Empress Cixi and attacked foreigners and their establishments. -
Overthrow of Qing Dynasty
Along with the two Opium War defeats leading to harassment of the Chinese goverement and people by unfair treaties with force. Cixi reforms and policy and rebellions were not usefull. The Wuchang Uprising in October 1911 which started the Xinhai Revolution, which led to the creation of the new central goverment, The Republic of China. -
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African National Congress
An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for the black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native Natonal Congress, it changed the name in 1923. Though it was banned and its leaders were jailed for many years, it eventually helped bring majority rule to South Africa. -
Panama Canal
Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army enigneers; it opened in 1914. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The US turned the canal over to Panama on Jaunary 1, 2000