Ethical

Timeline of Major Ethical Philosophers (Pedrabuena, Ashley Nichole - BESOR 083)

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  • 624 BCE

    Thales of Miletus

    Thales of Miletus
    Thales of Miletus (624 BC to 526 BC) is generally cited as one of the first philosophers, although his contributions extended to many sciences and business endeavors. According to him, everything on earth consists of water and is out of water. In addition, he was the first person to describe natural phenomena without reference to the gods of mythology, thus citing him as the first scientist in history. He assumed that - it is within man's rational ability to abstract and explain reality.
  • Period: 624 BCE to 526 BCE

    Thales of Miletus

    Thales of Miletus (624 BC to 526 BC) is generally cited as one of the first philosophers, although his contributions extended to many sciences and business endeavors. According to him, everything on earth consists of water and is out of water. In addition, he was the first person to describe natural phenomena without reference to the gods of mythology, thus citing him as the first scientist in history. He assumed that - it is within man's rational ability to abstract and explain reality.
  • 610 BCE

    Anaximander of Miletus

    Anaximander of Miletus
    Anaximander of Miletus (610 BC - 546 BC) is a Greek philosopher often called the founder of astronomy. In his cosmogony, he held that everything originated from the Apeiron (the “infinite,” “unlimited,” or “indefinite”) rather than from a particular single element, such as water (as Thales had held) and air (as Anaximenes had held). Anaximander postulated eternal motion, along with the Apeiron, as the originating cause of the world.
  • Period: 610 BCE to 546 BCE

    Anaximander of Miletus

    Anaximander of Miletus is a Greek philosopher often called the founder of astronomy. In his cosmogony, he held that everything originated from the Apeiron (the “infinite,” “unlimited,” or “indefinite”) rather than from a particular single element, such as water (as Thales had held) and air (as Anaximenes had held). Anaximander postulated eternal motion, along with the Apeiron, as the originating cause of the world.
  • 585 BCE

    Anaximenes of Miletus

    Anaximenes of Miletus
    Anaximenes of Miletus (585 BC-525 BC) is one of The Three Milesians because, like Thales and Anaximander, he was an inhabitant of Miletus in Ionia (ancient Greece). He is best known for his Doctrine of Air - air is the source of everything. In this way, he differed from his predecessors like Thales, who held that water is the source of everything, and Anaximander, who thought everything originated from the Apeiron. Other doctrines include the Doctrine of Change and the Origin of the Cosmos.
  • Period: 585 BCE to 525 BCE

    Anaximenes of Miletus

    Anaximenes of Miletus (585 BC-525 BC) is one of The Three Milesians because, like Thales and Anaximander, he was an inhabitant of Miletus in Ionia (ancient Greece). He is best known for his Doctrine of Air - air is the source of everything. In this way, he differed from his predecessors like Thales, who held that water is the source of everything, and Anaximander, who thought everything originated from the Apeiron. Other doctrines include the Doctrine of Change and the Origin of the Cosmos.
  • 570 BCE

    Pythagoras of Samos

    Pythagoras of Samos
    Pythagoras of Samos (570 BC - 490 BC) was a Greek philosopher whose teachings explained that philosophy is a way of life, the emphasis on contemplation, and the primary substance is numbers which influenced the field of mathematics. He stated that to love something does not mean to possess it but to focus our life on it. Pythagoras describes the feeling of elation (joy or happiness) after solving an equation. He is also well-known for his Pythagorean Theorem (c^2 = a^2 + b^2).
  • Period: 570 BCE to 490 BCE

    Pythagoras of Samos

    Pythagoras of Samos (570 BC - 490 BC) was a Greek philosopher whose teachings explained that philosophy is a way of life, the emphasis on contemplation, and the primary substance is numbers which influenced the field of mathematics. He stated that to love something does not mean to possess it but to focus our life on it. Pythagoras describes the feeling of elation (joy or happiness) after solving an equation. He is also well-known for his Pythagorean Theorem (c^2 = a^2 + b^2).
  • 428 BCE

    Plato

    Plato
    An ancient Greek, Athenian philosopher, Plato (428 BC-348 BC), is one of the significant philosophers in Western civilization - he contributed many works on government, reality, beauty, education, truth, nature, and many others. He held that moral values are objective - they exist in a spiritual realm beyond subjective human conventions. He stated that they are absolute, or eternal, in that they never change and are universal - they apply to all rational beings globally and throughout time.
  • Period: 428 BCE to 348 BCE

    Plato

    An ancient Greek, Athenian philosopher, Plato (428 BC-348 BC), is one of the significant philosophers in Western civilization - he contributed many works on government, reality, beauty, education, truth, nature, and many others. He held that moral values are objective - they exist in a spiritual realm beyond subjective human conventions. He stated that they are absolute, or eternal, in that they never change and are universal - they apply to all rational beings globally and throughout time.
  • 384 BCE

    Aristotle

    Aristotle
    Aristotle (384 BCE - 322 BCE) is the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, one of the notable intellectual figures of Western history. He was a student of Plato for twenty years but is famous for rejecting his theory of forms. His intellectual range is vast, covering most of the fields of sciences and arts, including ethics, biology, mathematics, physics, and many others. He invented formal logic, a legal system of reasoning viewed as the sum of the discipline.
  • Period: 384 BCE to 322 BCE

    Aristotle

    Aristotle (384 BCE - 322 BCE) is the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, one of the notable intellectual figures of Western history. He was a student of Plato for twenty years but is famous for rejecting his theory of forms. His intellectual range is vast, covering most of the fields of sciences and arts, including ethics, biology, mathematics, physics, and many others. He invented formal logic, a legal system of reasoning viewed as the sum of the discipline.
  • 341 BCE

    Epicurus

    Epicurus
    Epicurus (341 BCE - 270 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and an author of the philosophy of simple pleasure, friendship, and retirement. In ethics, he is well-known for propounding the theory of hedonism, which holds that pleasure is the only intrinsic value. For him, the most pleasant life is one where we abstain from unnecessary desires and achieve inner tranquility by being content with simple things and choosing the pleasure of philosophical conversation with friends over physical pleasures.
  • Period: 341 BCE to 270 BCE

    Epicurus

    Epicurus (341 BCE - 270 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and an author of the philosophy of simple pleasure, friendship, and retirement. In ethics, he is well-known for propounding the theory of hedonism, which holds that pleasure is the only intrinsic value. For him, the most pleasant life is one where we abstain from unnecessary desires and achieve inner tranquility by being content with simple things and choosing the pleasure of philosophical conversation with friends over physical pleasures.
  • 336 BCE

    Zeno of Citium

    Zeno of Citium
    Zeno of Citium (336 BCE – 265 BCE) was the founder of the Stoic School of Philosophy (Stoicism) in Athens, which taught that the Logos (Universal Reason) was the greatest good in life and living by reason was the sense of human life. It is a philosophy designed to be guided by purpose and to make us more resilient, happier, virtuous, and wiser – and as a result, be better people in society.
  • Period: 336 BCE to 265 BCE

    Zeno of Citium

    Zeno of Citium (336 BCE – 265 BCE) was the founder of the Stoic School of Philosophy (Stoicism) in Athens, which taught that the Logos (Universal Reason) was the greatest good in life and living by reason was the sense of human life. It is a philosophy designed to be guided by purpose and to make us more resilient, happier, virtuous, and wiser – and as a result, be better people in society.
  • 354

    Saint Augustine of Hippo

    Saint Augustine of Hippo
    Saint Augustine of Hippo (354-430) was perhaps one of the influenced Christian and Theologian philosophers of the ancient world and exerted the most significant, most lasting influence. His ideas and writings about Christianity influenced medieval and modern Christian thought. The impact of his views on grace, sin, freedom, and sexuality on Western culture can hardly overstate and cited by most scholars.
  • Period: 354 to 430

    Saint Augustine of Hippo

    Saint Augustine of Hippo (354-430) was perhaps one of the influenced Christian and Theologian philosophers of the ancient world and exerted the most significant, most lasting influence. His ideas and writings about Christianity influenced medieval and modern Christian thought. The impact of his views on grace, sin, freedom, and sexuality on Western culture can hardly overstate and cited by most scholars.
  • Jan 28, 1225

    Saint Thomas Aquinas

    Saint Thomas Aquinas
    Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) was a significant milestone in the developing history of Christianity. He takes inspiration from antiquity, especially Aristotle, and builds something entirely new. He created a powerful theological system of lasting influence by adapting Classical thought to Christian teaching.
  • Period: Jan 28, 1225 to Mar 7, 1274

    Saint Thomas Aquinas

    Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) was a significant milestone in the developing history of Christianity. He takes inspiration from antiquity, especially Aristotle, and builds something entirely new. He created a powerful theological system of lasting influence by adapting Classical thought to Christian teaching.

  • René Descartes

    René Descartes
    René Descartes (1596-1650) was a French mathematician and philosopher during the 17th century. His vast contributions to mathematics and philosophy helped Western knowledge push forward during the scientific revolution. He is well-known for his philosophical statement, "I think, therefore, I am!". He also developed the dualist philosophy, the importance of skepticism, and the Discourse Method - training people to consider different epistemological approaches and trust their mental realities.
  • Period: to

    René Descartes

    René Descartes (1596-1650) was a French mathematician and philosopher during the 17th century. His vast contributions to mathematics and philosophy helped Western knowledge push forward during the scientific revolution. He is well-known for his philosophical statement, "I think, therefore, I am!". He also developed the dualist philosophy, the importance of skepticism, and the Discourse Method - training people to consider different epistemological approaches and trust their mental realities.

  • Immanuel Kant

    Immanuel Kant
    Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) synthesized early modern rationalism and empiricism, set the terms for much of nineteenth and twentieth-century philosophy, and continues to exert influence today in metaphysics, ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, and other fields. He argues that human understanding is the structure of our experiences of the general laws of nature. One of Kant's most important contributions to ethics was his belief that "everyone should do one's duty solely for its own sake."
  • Period: to

    Immanuel Kant

    Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) synthesized early modern rationalism and empiricism, set the terms for much of nineteenth and twentieth-century philosophy, and continues to exert influence today in metaphysics, ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, and other fields. He argues that human understanding is the structure of our experiences of the general laws of nature. One of Kant's most important contributions to ethics was his belief that "everyone should do one's duty solely for its own sake."

  • John Bordley Rawls

    John Bordley Rawls
    John Rawls (1921-2002) gave the society a model for identifying what is unfair and the support for fixing that issue. One of his notable works is his Theory of Justice as fairness - which describes a society of free citizens holding equal essential rights and cooperating within an egalitarian economic system. Moreover, he argued that only under a "veil of ignorance" could human beings reach a fair and impartial agreement (contract) as true equals unbiased by their place in society.
  • Period: to

    John Bordley Rawls

    John Rawls (1921-2002) gave the society a model for identifying what is unfair and the support for fixing that issue. One of his notable works is his Theory of Justice as fairness - which describes a society of free citizens holding equal essential rights and cooperating within an egalitarian economic system. Moreover, he argued that only under a "veil of ignorance" could human beings reach a fair and impartial agreement (contract) as true equals unbiased by their place in society.

  • Jürgen Habermas

    Jürgen Habermas
    Born in Düsseldorf, Germany in June 18, 1929 (93 years), Jürgen Habermas emerged as the most significant German philosopher and socio-political theorist of the second half of the 20th century. He is best known for his Theory of Communicative Action (1981) - he stated that the social order (the individuals abiding the standards) ultimately depends on the capacity of actors to recognize the intersubjective validity of the different claims on which social cooperation depends.