-
-This was one of the most organized empires in the Chinese history. This marks when the Empire fell.
-
-This was the declaration of the separation of 13 North America British colonies from Great Britain.
-
-It was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, catalyzed violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon who brought many of its principles to areas he conquered in Western Europe and beyond.
-
-It was an armed conflict, lasting over a decade, which had several distinct phases and took place in different regions of the Spanish colony of New Spain.
-
-By the end of the first Opium War, China had to give concessions to foreigners. This hurt the Qing Dynasty's prestige inside and outside of China.
-
-Series of reforms promulgated in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876 under the reigns of the sultans Abdülmecid and Abdülaziz.
-
-It was a series of military engagements fought between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China over diplomatic relations, trade, and the administration of justice in China.
-
-Control of access to religious sites in the Holy Land had been a cause of tension between Catholic France and Orthodox for a number of years.
-
-It was a civil war fought in the United States, between the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy). The Civil War began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people.
-
-Was a political and social revolution in Japan that ended the power of Tokugawa shogun and returned the Emperor to a central position in Japanese politics and culture.
-
-Different political ideologies of imperialism and republicanism let to the most terrible and destructive armed conflict in South Africa.