THE SERAT PROJECT

Beyond 20,000 - Ancient History

20,000 BCE

4.5 billion B.C.
Planet Earth formed. 3 billion B.C.
First signs of primeval life (bacteria and blue-green algae) appear in oceans.
600 million B.C.
Earliest date to which fossils can be traced.
4.4 million B.C.
Earliest known hominid fossils (Ardipithecus ramidus) found in Aramis, Ethiopia, 1994.
4.2 million B.C.
Australopithecus anamensis found in Lake Turkana, Kenya, 1995. Source: infoplease.com

Beyond 20,000 II

19,000 BCE

2.5 million BCE
Homo Habilis, earliest protohuman ancestor, uses stone tools in Africa
*** Reference to "nasnas" creatures (humanoids) that inhabited earth with the jinns, before they were wiped out due to corruption and bloodshed (Arastu)***
2 million BCE
Various protohuman ancestors spread out across the planet
1.5 million BCE
Hominids master fire Source: History of the World (Sass, Wiegano, 2008)

Beyond 20,000 III

18,000 BCE

Adam created in this time period (my research suggests between 200,000 to 400,000 years ago)
300,000 BCE
Neanderthals live in Europe
150,000 BCE
The Sahara is a lush grassland
130,000 BCE
Modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens, appear in Europe
60,000 BCE
Homo sapiens sapiens spread out over the planet Source: History of the World (Sass, Wiegano, 2008)

Stone spearheads and human DNA found

11,000 BCE

Stone spearheads and human DNA found in Oregon caves will indicate "that at least two cultures with distinct technologies ... shared the continent more than 13,000 years ago." (New York Times, July 12, 2012.)

Comet debris smash into North America

10,900 BCE

Comet debris smash into North America. According to theory, it reversed the ice age thaw, and the recooling killed mammals such as the saber-toothed tiger, dire wolf, and the wooly mammoth.

Domestication of Animals

10,000 BCE

People in the Middle East have domesticated goats and dogs. And people are starting to grow their own food.

Homo sapiens are the sole surviving creatures of the Homo genus

10,000 BCE

Homo sapiens are the sole surviving creatures of the Homo genus – a species with a superior ability to plan and communicate. These humans have spread into most of the earth's habitable places. Sparse populations allow for hunting game, gathering food that grows wild and drifting from campsite to campsite. Storytelling and myth are a major pastime.

Polar ice caps begin to melt

10,000 BCE

Polar ice caps begin to melt, raising sea levels four hundred feet Source: History of the World (Sass, Wiegano, 2008)

Population Increases to 5 million

9500 BCE

Throughout the world, climates become warmer, wetter and more stable. There are perhaps five million people in the world, most of them hunter-gatherers

The Natufian culture domesticates wheat

9000 BCE

The Natufian culture domesticates wheat, inventing agriculture Source: History of the World (Sass, Wiegano, 2008)

The world's first cities emerge Catal Huyuk and Jericho

7500 BCE

The world's first cities emerge Catal Huyuk, Jericho, Sumer and Egypt Source: History of the World (Sass, Wiegano, 2008)

The Sahara has become a dessert

5300 BCE

Source: History of the World (Sass, Wiegano, 2008)

First tombs appear in western Europe

4300 BCE

First tombs built of huge stories (megaliths) appear in western Europe Source: Concise History of World Religions (National Geographic)

Invention of Writing (Mesopotamia) - History begins to be written

3200 BCE

It is generally agreed that true writing of language (not only numbers) was invented independently in at least two places: Mesopotamia (specifically, ancient Sumer) around 3200 BC and Mesoamerica around 900 BC. Several Mesoamerican scripts are known, the oldest being from the Olmec or Zapotec of Mexico. Prior to invention of writing, we were in the pre-history era.

Pharaonic rule begins in Egypt.

3000 BCE

Pharaonic rule begins in Egypt.

Pharaonic rule begins in Egypt.

Period: 3000 BCE to 2000 BCE

Pharaonic rule begins in Egypt. King Khufu (Cheops), 4th dynasty (2700–2675 B.C.), completes construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza (c. 2680 B.C.). The Great Sphinx of Giza (c. 2540 B.C.) is built by King Khafre. Earliest Egyptian mummies. Papyrus. Phoenician settlements on coast of what is now Syria and Lebanon. Semitic tribes settle in Assyria. Sargon, first Akkadian king, builds Mesopotamian empire. The Gilgamesh epic (c. 3000 B.C.). Systematic astronomy in Egypt, Babylon, India, China.

Abraham leaves city of Ur to settle in Canaan

1750 BCE

Abraham, the founder of Judaism, was a Sumerian prince answered a call from God to leave city of Ur to settle in the land of Canaan (modern Israel and Palestine) - 500 miles west. Source: History of the World (Sass, Wiegano, 2008)

Birth of Moses

1391 BCE

Moses Lifespan

Period: 1391 BCE to 1271 BCE

1391–1271 BCE

Ramses II becomes King of Egypt

1279 BCE

Ramses II becomes King of Egypt, in his early twenties. The early part of his reign will focus on building cities, temples and monuments.

Ramses II dies

1213 BCE

Ramses II dies, in his eighties.

King Solomon (Nabi Sulaiman)

970 BCE

King David (Nabi Dawud) is succeeded by his son Solomon.

King Solomon Dies

928 BCE

Invention of Writing (Mesoamerica)

900 BCE

It is generally agreed that true writing of language (not only numbers) was invented independently in at least two places: Mesopotamia (specifically, ancient Sumer) around 3200 BC and Mesoamerica around 900 BC. Several Mesoamerican scripts are known, the oldest being from the Olmec or Zapotec of Mexico.

Prophets Amos, Hosea, Isaiah. First recorded Olympic games (776 B.C.).

800 BCE

Prophets Amos, Hosea, Isaiah. First recorded Olympic games (776 B.C.). Legendary founding of Rome by Romulus (753 B.C.). Assyrian king Sargon II conquers Hittites, Chaldeans, Samaria (end of Kingdom of Israel). Earliest written music. Chariots introduced into Italy by Etruscans.

End of Assyrian Empire (616 B.C.), Chinese philosopher and founder of Taoism (born c. 604 B.C.)

700 BCE

End of Assyrian Empire (616 B.C.)—Nineveh destroyed by Chaldeans (Neo-Babylonians) and Medes (612 B.C.). Founding of Byzantium by Greeks (c. 660 B.C.). Building of the Acropolis in Athens. Solon, Greek lawgiver (640–560 B.C.). Sappho of Lesbos, Greek poet (fl. c. 610–580 B.C.). Lao-tse, Chinese philosopher and founder of Taoism (born c. 604 B.C.). Source: infoplease.com

Buddha founds Buddhism in India (563?–483? B.C.)

600 BCE

Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar builds empire, destroys Jerusalem (586 B.C.). Babylonian Captivity of the Jews (starting 587 B.C.). Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Cyrus the Great of Persia creates great empire, conquers Babylon (539 B.C.), frees the Jews. Aeschylus, Greek dramatist (525–465 B.C.). Pythagoras, Greek philosopher and mathematician (582?–507? B.C.). Confucius (551–479 B.C.) develops ethical and social philosophy in China. Buddha (563?–483? B.C.) founds Buddhism in India.

Pythagoras

550 BCE

The Greek Pythagoras studies the movements of celestial bodies and mathematics. He blends his observations with Greek religion into what he believes is a theological coherence.

Darius the Great dies

486 BCE

Darius the Great dies at around the age of seventy-two.

Hippocrates, Greek “Father of Medicine” (born 460 B.C.)

460 BCE

Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta (431–404 B.C.)—Sparta victorious. Pericles comes to power in Athens (462 B.C.). Flowering of Greek culture during the Age of Pericles (450–400 B.C.). The Parthenon is built in Athens as a temple of the goddess Athena (447–432 B.C.). Ictinus and Callicrates are the architects and Phidias is responsible for the sculpture. Hippocrates, Greek “Father of Medicine” (born 460 B.C.). Xerxes I, king of Persia (rules 485–465 B.C.).

Old Testament Complete / Alexander The Great

400 BCE

Pentateuch—first five books of the Old Testament evolve in final form. Philip of Macedon, who believed himself to be a descendant of the Greek people, assassinated (336 B.C.) after subduing the Greek city-states; succeeded by son, Alexander the Great (356–323 B.C.), who destroys Thebes (335 B.C.), conquers Tyre and Jerusalem (332 B.C.), occupies Babylon (330 B.C.), invades India, and dies in Babylon.

Zoroastrianism is the faith of many Persians.

400 BCE

The philosopher Plato turns forty.

387 BCE

Socrates / Plato / Aristotle

350 BCE

Alexander The Greats empire is divided among his generals; one of them, Seleucis I, establishes Middle East empire with capitals at Antioch (Syria) and Seleucia (in Iraq). Trial and execution of Greek philosopher Socrates (399 B.C.). Dialogues recorded by his student, Plato (c. 427–348 or 347 B.C.). Euclid's work on geometry (323 B.C.). Aristotle, Greek philosopher (384–322 B.C.). Demosthenes, Greek orator (384–322 B.C.). Praxiteles, Greek sculptor (400–330 B.C.).

Invention of Mayan Calendar / Archimedes

300 BCE

Invention of Mayan calendar in Yucatán—more exact than older calendars. First Roman gladiatorial games (264 B.C.). Archimedes, Greek mathematician (287–212 B.C.).

Great Wall of China built (c. 215 B.C.).

215 BCE

Julius Caesar / Startacus / Cleoptra

100 BCE

Julius Caesar (100–44 B.C.) invades Britain (55 B.C.) and conquers Gaul (France) (c. 50 B.C.). Spartacus leads slave revolt against Rome (71 B.C.). Romans conquer Seleucid empire. Roman general Pompey conquers Jerusalem (63 B.C.). Cleopatra on Egyptian throne (51–31 B.C.). Chinese develop use of paper (c. 100 B.C.). Virgil, Roman poet (70–19 B.C.). Horace, Roman poet (65–8 B.C.).

Caesar defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Battle of Actium and establishes Roman empire

50 BCE

Caesar crosses Rubicon to fight Pompey (50 B.C.). Herod made Roman governor of Judea (37 B.C.). Caesar murdered (44 B.C.). Caesar's nephew, Octavian, defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Battle of Actium (31 B.C.), and establishes Roman empire as Emperor Augustus; rules 27 B.C.–A.D. 14. Pantheon built for the first time under Agrippa, 27 B.C

Birth of Jesus / Buddhism Introduced to China

4

Birth of Jesus Christ (variously given from 4 B.C. to A.D. 7). After Augustus, Tiberius becomes emperor (dies, A.D. 37), succeeded by Caligula (assassinated, A.D. 41), who is followed by Claudius. Crucifixion of Jesus (probably A.D. 30). Han dynasty in China founded by Emperor Kuang Wu Ti. Buddhism introduced to China.

Crucifixion of Jesus

30

Jews revolt against Rome / Roman persecutions of Christians begin

70

Jews revolt against Rome; Jerusalem destroyed (A.D. 70). Roman persecutions of Christians begin (A.D. 64). Colosseum built in Rome (A.D. 71–80). Trajan (rules A.D. 98–116); Roman empire extends to Mesopotamia, Arabia, Balkans. First Gospels of St. Mark, St. John, St. Matthew.

Classic period of Mayan civilization (A.D. 250–900); develop hieroglyphic writing, advances in art, architecture, science.

250

Increasing invasions of the Roman empire by Franks and Goths. Buddhism spreads in China. Classic period of Mayan civilization (A.D. 250–900); develop hieroglyphic writing, advances in art, architecture, science.

Roman empire permanently divided

350

Huns (Mongols) invade Europe (c. A.D. 360). Theodosius the Great (rules A.D. 392–395)—last emperor of a united Roman empire. Roman empire permanently divided in A.D. 395: western empire ruled from Rome; eastern empire ruled from Constantinople

St. Patrick returns to Ireland (A.D. 432) and brings Christianity to the island.

432

Buddhism and Christianity spread

550

Beginnings of European silk industry after Justinian's missionaries smuggle silkworms out of China (553). Buddhism in Japan (c. 560). St. Augustine of Canterbury brings Christianity to Britain (597). After killing about half the population, plague in Europe subsides (594).

Birth of Prophet Muhammad SAWW

570

Imam Ali AS Birthday

598

Friday, 13th day of Rajab, 30 Aum-e-fail, 598AD ,in Khana-Kaba.

Imam Ali AS Birthdate

May 12, 600

Muhammad receives first vision in a cave near Mecca.

Jan 1, 610

Death of Prophet Muhammad SAWW

Jan 11, 622

First year of the Muslim calendar (622) - HIJRA

May 11, 622

Prophet Mohammed migrates from Mecca to Medina (HIJRA); first year of the Muslim calendar (622). Muslim empire grows (634). Arabs conquer Jerusalem (637), conquer Persians (641).

Birthday of Imam Hussain AS

Jan 7, 626

3rd Shabān (4 AH)

Birth of Bibi Zainab AS

Sep 21, 627

5th Jamadi I (6 AH)

Birthday of Hazrat Abbas AS

May 14, 647

4th Shaban (26 AH)

Death of Imam Ali AS

May 12, 661

Assassinated by Abdul Rahman ibn Muljim, a Khariji in Kufa, who struck him with a poisonous sword while he was praying.
Buried at the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf, Iraq.

Arabs attack North Africa (670)

May 11, 670

Arabs attack North Africa (670), destroy Carthage (697).

Matryrdom of Imam Hussein AS

Oct 9, 680

10th Muharram (61 AH)

Arab empire extends from Lisbon to China

May 11, 716

Arab empire extends from Lisbon to China (by 716). Charles Martel, Frankish leader, defeats Arabs at Tours/Poitiers, halting Arab advance in Europe (732).

Caliph Harun al-Rashid rules Arab empire (786–809)

May 11, 786

Caliph Harun al-Rashid rules Arab empire (786–809): the “golden age” of Arab culture

Arabs conquer Crete, Sicily, and Sardinia (826–827).

May 11, 826

Arabs conquer Crete, Sicily, and Sardinia (826–827).

Birthday of Imam Mahdi AS

Jul 28, 869

15th Shaban (255 AH)

Ghaibat of Imam Mahdi AS (Ghaibate Sugra - Minor Occultation)

872

260 A.H. (872 A.D.) to 329 A.H. (939 A.D.)

Arab Spain under Abd ar-Rahman III becomes center of learning (912–961)

May 11, 912

Beginning of Mayan Post-Classical period (900–1519). Vikings discover Greenland (c. 900). Arab Spain under Abd ar-Rahman III becomes center of learning (912–961). Otto I becomes King of Germany (936).

Ghaibat-e-Kubra (greater occultation)

939

Ghaibat-e-Kubra (greater occultation), started in 329 A.H. (939 ... RE-APPEARANCE OF IMAM AL MAHDI (A.S.)

Viking raider Leif Eriksson discovers North America, calls it Vinland.

May 11, 1000

Hungary and Scandinavia converted to Christianity. Viking raider Leif Eriksson discovers North America, calls it Vinland.

Muslims destroy Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.

May 11, 1009

Seljuk Turks, Asian nomads, move west, capture Baghdad

May 11, 1055

Seljuk Turks, Asian nomads, move west, capture Baghdad, Armenia (1064), Syria, and Palestine (1075).

Construction on the cathedral in Pisa, Italy, begins.

May 11, 1068

Emergence of strong papacy when Gregory VII is elected. Conflict with English and French kings and German emperors will continue throughout medieval period.

May 11, 1073

The Crusade

May 11, 1095

At Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls for a holy war to wrest control of Jerusalem from Muslims, which launches the First Crusade (1096), one of at least 8 European military campaigns between 1095 and 1291 to regain the Holy Land.

Second Crusade begins.

May 11, 1144

Universities of Paris and Oxford founded in France and England.

May 11, 1150

1150–1167

Ibn-Rushd begins translating Aristotle's works.

May 11, 1169

Third Crusade

May 11, 1189

Richard I (“the Lionhearted”) succeeds Henry II in England, killed in France (1199), succeeded by King John. Third Crusade.

Fourth Crusade

May 11, 1200

1200–1204 Fourth Crusade

Children's Crusade.

May 11, 1212

Genghis Khan invades China

May 11, 1214

Genghis Khan invades China, captures Peking (1214), conquers Persia (1218), invades Russia (1223), dies (1227).

Fifth Crusade

May 11, 1217

Sixth Crusade

May 11, 1228

Mongols defeat Germans in Silesia

May 11, 1241

Mongols defeat Germans in Silesia, invade Poland and Hungary, withdraw from Europe after Ughetai, Mongol leader, dies.

Seventh Crusade

May 11, 1248

Kublai Khan governs China, becomes ruler of Mongols

May 11, 1251

Kublai Khan governs China, becomes ruler of Mongols (1259), establishes Yuan dynasty in China (1280), invades Burma (1287), dies (1294).

Eighth Crusade

May 11, 1270

Hundred Years' War

May 11, 1337

1337–1453 - Hundred Years' War—English and French kings fight for control of France.

At least 25 million people die in Europe's “Black Death” (bubonic plague)

May 11, 1347

Ming Dynasty begins in China.

May 11, 1368

John Wycliffe translate Latin Bible into English.

May 11, 1376

1376–1382 - John Wycliffe, pre-Reformation religious reformer, and followers translate Latin Bible into English.

Turks conquer Constantinople, end of the Byzantine empire, beginning of the Ottoman empire.

May 11, 1453

Having invented printing with movable type at Mainz, Germany, Johann Gutenberg completes first Bible.

May 11, 1455

Vasco da Gama sails around Africa

May 11, 1497

Vasco da Gama sails around Africa and discovers sea route to India (1498). Establishes Portuguese colony in India (1502)

First black slaves in America brought to Spanish colony of Santo Domingo.

May 11, 1501

Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa. Michelangelo sculpts the David (1504)

May 11, 1503

St. Peter's Church

May 11, 1506

St. Peter's Church started in Rome; designed and decorated by such artists and architects as Bramante, Michelangelo, da Vinci, Raphael, and Bernini before its completion in 1626.

Henry VIII ascends English throne. Michelangelo paints the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

May 11, 1509

Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sets out to circumnavigate the globe.

May 11, 1519

Hernando Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sets out to circumnavigate the globe.

Suleiman I (“the Magnificent”) becomes Sultan of Turkey

May 11, 1520

Suleiman I (“the Magnificent”) becomes Sultan of Turkey, invades Hungary (1521), Rhodes (1522), attacks Austria (1529), annexes Hungary (1541), Tripoli (1551), makes peace with Persia (1553), destroys Spanish fleet (1560), dies (1566).

Roman Catholicism restored in England by Queen Mary I.

May 11, 1553

Akbar the Great becomes Mogul emperor of India, conquers Afghanistan (1581), continues wars of conquest (until 1605).

May 11, 1556

Queen Elizabeth I ascends the throne / Shakespeare

May 11, 1558

Queen Elizabeth I ascends the throne (rules to 1603). Restores Protestantism, establishes state Church of England (Anglicanism). Renaissance will reach height in England—Shakespeare, Marlowe, Spenser.

Jamestown, Virginia, established—first permanent English colony on American mainland.

May 11, 1607

Jamestown, Virginia, established—first permanent English colony on American mainland. Pocahontas, daughter of Chief Powhatan, saves life of John Smith.

Galileo sees the moons of Jupiter through his telescope

May 11, 1610

A Dutch ship brings the first African slaves to British North America

May 11, 1619

Pilgrims, after three-month voyage in Mayflower, land at Plymouth Rock

May 11, 1620

Taj Mahal completed

May 11, 1643

James Watt invents the steam engine

May 11, 1765

Napoleon / John Adams / Smallpox Vaccination

May 11, 1768

Napoléon Bonaparte, French general, defeats Austrians. In the U.S., Washington's Farewell Address (Sept. 17); John Adams elected president; Thomas Jefferson, vice president. Edward Jenner introduces smallpox vaccination.

The Constitution of the United States signed

May 11, 1787

Napoleon extends French conquests to Rome and Egypt. U.S. Navy Department established

May 11, 1798

Napoleon / Electricity production

May 11, 1800

Napoleon conquers Italy, firmly establishes himself as First Consul in France. In the U.S., federal government moves to Washington, D.C. Robert Owen's social reforms in England. William Herschel discovers infrared rays. Alessandro Volta produces electricity.

First passenger-carrying railroad in England

May 11, 1825

Slavery abolished in British Empire

May 11, 1833

U.S. Civil War begins

May 11, 1861

Thomas A. Edison invents practical electric light

May 11, 1879

New Zealand becomes first country in the world to grant women the vote

May 11, 1893

Islamic Revolution in IRAN

May 9, 1979

Current Day

Jun 23, 2017