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CERN
European Organization for Nuclear Research, physicists and engineers are probing the fundamental structure of the universe. They use the world's largest and most complex scientific instruments to study the basic constituents of matter – the fundamental particles. -
Packet switching
The RAND group had written a paper on packet switching networks for secure voice in the military in 1964. It happened that the work at MIT (1961-1967), at RAND (1962-1965), and at NPL (1964-1967) had all proceeded in parallel without any of the researchers knowing about the other work. The word “packet” was adopted from the work at NPL and the proposed line speed to be used in the ARPANET design was upgraded from 2.4 kbps to 50 kbps. -
“Galactic Network”
The first recorded description of the social interactions that could be enabled through networking was a series of memos written by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT -
Small wide area network
Roberts connected the TX-2 computer in Mass. to the Q-32 in California with a low speed dial-up telephone line creating the first (however small) wide-area computer network ever built. -
ARPANET
In late 1966 Roberts went to DARPA to develop the computer network concept and quickly put together his plan for the “ARPANET”, publishing it in 1967. -
Email
In July, Roberts expanded its utility by writing the first email utility program to list, selectively read, file, forward, and respond to messages. -
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Official procedure or system of rules. The new protocol would be more like a communications protocol. Each distinct network would have to stand on its own and no internal changes could be required to any such network to connect it to the Internet.Communications would be on a best effort basis. Black boxes would be used to connect the networks; these would later be called gateways and routers. There would be no global control at the operations level. -
Ethernet technology
The dominant network technology in the Internet and PCs and workstations the dominant computers. -
MFENet
Magnetic Fusion Energy, whereupon DoE’s High Energy Physicists responded by building HEPNet. NASA Space Physicists followed with SPAN, and Rick Adrion, David Farber, and Larry Landweber established CSNET for the (academic and industrial) Computer Science community with an initial grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). -
Implementation of TCP
They produced an implementation, first for the Xerox Alto (the early personal workstation developed at Xerox PARC) and then for the IBM PC. That implementation was fully interoperable with other TCPs, but was tailored to the application suite and performance objectives of the personal computer, and showed that workstations, as well as large time-sharing systems, could be a part of the Internet. -
IMP
RFQ was released by DARPA for the development of one of the key components, the packet switches called Interface Message Processors. The RFQ was won in December 1968 by a group headed by Frank Heart at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN). As the BBN team worked on the IMP’s with Bob Kahn playing a major role in the overall ARPANET architectural design, the network topology and economics were designed and optimized by Roberts working with Howard Frank and his team at Network Analysis Corporation -
USENET
AT&T’s free-wheeling dissemination of the UNIX computer operating system spawned USENET, based on UNIX’ built-in UUCP communication protocols. -
Domain Name System (DNS)
The DNS permitted a scalable distributed mechanism for resolving hierarchical host names (e.g. www.acm.org) into an Internet address. -
“flag-day”
Requiring all hosts to convert simultaneously or be left having to communicate via rather ad-hoc mechanisms. This transition was carefully planned within the community over several years before it actually took place and went surprisingly smoothly (but resulted in a distribution of buttons saying “I survived the TCP/IP transition”). -
WWW
Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist at CERN, invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989. The web was originally conceived and developed to meet the demand for automatic information-sharing between scientists in universities and institutes around the world. -
Gopher
Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things (IoT) enabled mobile technology, introducing new innovations within the mobile arena, and connecting people throughout the World.Our patented self-learning and adaptive Integrated Circuit (IC), the GopherInsight™, as well as our suite of mobile applications, together create inner-mobile, private, secured networks, which also provide a mobile technology for computing power enhancement, advanced mobile database management/sharing. -
HTML
HTML has had a life-span of roughly seven years. During that time, it has evolved from a simple language with a small number of tags to a complex system of mark-up, enabling authors to create all-singing-and-dancing Web pages complete with animated images, sound and all manner of gimmicks. -
Internet
“Internet” refers to the global information system that is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons; and provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein.
