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The Treaty of Westphalia
“Englische Anonyme Übersetzung Des IPM (1710),” 2004. http://www.pax-westphalica.de/ipmipo/pdf/m_1710en-treatys.pdf. This document is a copy of the Treaty of Westphalia which was anonymously translated in English in 1710. This document is significant because it contains article VIII, 1 IPO, which recognizes the ancient rights, privileges, and political and ecclesiastic authority of every prince and monarch within their state. This authority could not be undermined by neighboring states. -
The Congress of Vienna
Godefroy, Jean. "Le Congrès de Vienne." Histoire par l'image. March 2015. http://histoire-image.org/fr/etudes/congres-vienne This painting by Jean Godefory depicts the Congress of Vienna in the year 1815. This painting is significant because it depicts the Europeans attempting to stabilize the continent and restore the imbalance following the Napoleonic Wars. Representatives from Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria were present and tried to reorganize the continent in a strategic manner. -
The Treaty of Versailles
C.S. Hammond & Company. Europe showing the proposed new states. 1919. Retrieved from the Digital Public Library of America, https://ark.digitalcommonwealth.org/ark:/50959/4m90f409v.
This map produced by C.S. Hammond & Company in 1919 shows the map of Europe following the First World War. It is significant because it shows the new states that were recognized by the Treaty of Versailles. Not only is there a visible change in borders, but ideologically, it also depicts the influence of nationalism -
Sinews of Power Speech
Churchill, Winston. “Sinews of Peace, 1946.” Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech, Fulton, MO. America's National Churchill Museum. Accessed March 30, 2022. https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/sinews-of-peace-iron-curtain-speech.html.
Winston Churchill gave his famous speech in 1946. This document is significant because Churchill recognized the divide between the East and West caused by Soviet expansion. People were displaced as their countries were absorbed into the Soviet union. -
The Schengen Agreement
“Document42000A0922(01).” EUR-Lex. The European Union, December 2015. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A42000A0922%2801%29. This is a copy of the Schengen Agreement retrieved from an EU database. This is significant because the Schengen Agreement abolished national borders between its signatories, allowing citizens living within the area to freely move between countries as they pleased. This decision has revolutionized the manner in which borders are understood.