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Cleopatra was the last independant ruler of Egypt. She was not of Egyptian lineage but of Ptolemy - a general under Alexander the Great. Cleopatra is remembered for her love affairs with two Roman Leaders: Julius Caesar and Marc Antony. Unfortunatly, she committed suicide when Egypt was invaded by Roman General Octavian. After this, Egypt became a province of Rome.
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322 BCE - 30 BCE
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Ramses II was the last great Egyptian king. He ruled for 67 years under peace and stability. Rames II built massive buildings and governed during the time of Moses.
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King Akhenaton was the "heretic" king. He changed religious practice to create a cult of the sun disc, known as the Aten - introducing monotheism to Egyptian culture. Akhenaton was the sole intermediary of the Aten, and thus all addresses to the deity had to go through him. Houses contained small shrines to the king for this purpose. He moved the royal residence to a previously uninhabited site in Middle Egypt. He called the new capital Akhetaten, "the horizon of the sun-disc".
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Tutankamen was the son of Akhenaton and came to power at the age of eight. He is known for how he returned the seat of power back to Thebes. Unfortunatly, he died at the age of eighteen from an enexpected blow to the head. He was probably murdered by ambitious conspirators.
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Amenhotep III ruled peacefully for four decades. He was the seat of power in Thebes. His perod of power is known for its artistic growth and much stability.
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Hatshepsut husband died early which led to her son Thutmose III to come to power at a very young age. She acted as regent until she defied tradition and adopted the status of king. This was a very propsperous time for Egypt (voyage to Punt). She is remembered as history's first great female ruler.
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Tuthmose III was nicknamed the "Napoleon of Egypt" because he expanded the empire to its greatest size. He also is known for how he kidnapped sons of conquered chiefs and indoctrinated them in Egyptian traditions then sent them to homelands to be leaders... "puppets" of Egypt.
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King Khufu is remembered for the Great Pyramid pf Giza because it was his burial tomb. His son Rejedef was the first king to incorporate solar element "Re/Ra" inot the royal religion.
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King Snefru was the 3rd dynasty's 4th ruler. He bulit the first true pyramid. King Snefru was a warrior king whi invaded Nubia, Lybia, and the Sinai. He is also known for how he built a strong economy on trade and mining.
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King Djoser was the 2nd ruler of the 3rd dynasty in ancient Egypt. He built the first mortuary buildings at Saqqara with Cheif Architect Imhotep. King Djoser also developed a large and formal bureaucracy to support building projects.
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King Menes founded the city of Memphis and the seat of power for the Old Kingdom. He united the both kingdoms of Egypt and was the first ruler to wear the double crown. By the time of his death, King Menes governed all of Egypt and was considered a god.
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The Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt came togther and joined as one kingdom. This was then showed when King Menes wore the double crown symbolizing the unity of both kingdoms.
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BCE
