THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIMEDIA: A STORY OF INVENTION, INGENUITY AND VISION

Text , Processing & Software

Jan 1, 1455

Printing Press Gutenberg and Caxton, movable type printing

Computers

Jan 2, 1780

Franklin discovers electricity

Computers

Jan 1, 1822

Charles Babbage designs the Difference Engine

Computers

Feb 23, 1833

Babbage designs Analytical Machine, often considered to be the first general-purpose computer.
Lady Byron writes programs for the machine

Text , Processing & Software

Jan 3, 1837

Morse code (sequence of elements)

Video & Animation

Mar 25, 1839

Daguerreotype: photographs produced using a paper negative

Computers

Feb 23, 1854

George Boole: develops binary mathematical language of 1’s and 0’s (Boolean Algebra)

Audio & Telecommunication

Apr 12, 1858

Transatlantic cable laid

Text , Processing & Software

Feb 23, 1867

Remington Manual Typewriter

Audio & Telecommunication

May 28, 1876

telephone

Audio & Telecommunication

Feb 23, 1879

Granted a phonograph patent

Computers

Jun 15, 1886

Burroughs: First commercially successful adding machine.

Audio & Telecommunication; Video & Animation

Jul 25, 1888

Mood Music for Film: Musical scores sent along for organ accompaniment
Gramophone: disks manually rotated @ 70 rpm Film: Sequential photographs with sprockets manually pulled through a projector

Computers

Feb 23, 1890

Tabulating Machine for the U.S. Gov.Census using punch cards. The tabulating machine later became IBM.

Audio & Telecommunication

Feb 24, 1920

Commercial radio: KDKA Pittsburgh

Audio & Telecommunication

Feb 23, 1925

Electronically recorded sound discs
AT&T’s Bell labs allow recording of whole symphonies

Audio & Telecommunication; Video & Animation

Feb 23, 1927

"Talkies": The first commercial talkie film using optical sound recording.
Juke Box: Automatic Music Instrument Company –coin operated phonograph
Telephone becomes operational between London and New York. "The Jazz Singer" starring Al Jolsen. First public demonstration of T.V.

Video & Animation

Feb 23, 1928

"Steamboat Willie" first cartoon with a fully synchronized soundtrack

Computers

Feb 23, 1931

Conrad Zuse
First calculator. First computer

Audio & Telecommunication

Jul 25, 1932

Magnetic tape
BASF introduces magnetic tape recording

Audio & Telecommunication

Feb 23, 1933

Dudley
Vocoder – voice coder

Computers

Jul 26, 1936

"Turing’s Machine" defined as capable of computing any calculable function

Video & Animation

Feb 23, 1937

"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" the first full-length animation is released.

Computers

Feb 23, 1939

John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry design a prototype of the ABC computer (the first automated digital computer).

Video & Animation

Feb 24, 1940

First colour T.V.broadcast.

Computers

Feb 24, 1941

"Colossus" primitive calculator device built for the British military from Alan Turing’s design

Computers

Feb 24, 1943

Zuse – Z3: First machine to work on a binary system rather than decimal system.

Text , Processing & Software; Computers

Feb 24, 1945

"As we may think" in the Atlantic Monthly Memex (device to find, transform, locate, store information)

Computers

Jul 30, 1946

ENIAC designer of the Electronic Numerator Integrator and Calculator the first successful high speed digital computer. However, it used the same concepts that Atanasoff and Berry used to build the ABC computer.

Computers; Audio & Telecommunication

Jul 25, 1948

Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain develop the transistor. More reliable and cheaper to run than vacuum tubes. Open reel tape recorder by Magnecord

Computers

Feb 24, 1951

UNIVAC Computer used magnetic tape for buffer memory. UNIVERSSAL AUTOMATIC COMP.

Computers

Jul 11, 1952

IBM 701: First electronic stored computer that used vacuum tubes, RAM, punch cards and was the size of a piano.

Text , Processing & Software

Feb 24, 1953

Electric typewriter

Audio & Telecommunication

Aug 4, 1954

Transistor radio: First commercial use of transistor radio developed in 1947 @ Bell labs

Audio & Telecommunication, Video & Animation

Aug 1, 1956

First Transaltantic telephone cable
CBS broadcast
First network broadcast using video tape.

Audio & Telecommunication

Sep 3, 1957

Sputnik launched (Artificial satellite –no tripulado)

Computers

Feb 24, 1958

CRAY: Builds the CDC 1604 for Control Data Corporation. The first fully transistorized supercomputer.
Texas Instruments develops the first Integrated Circuit. Solves the problems of speed, size and wiring.

Computers

Sep 19, 1959

Second generation computer introduced by IBM. Used transistors instead of vacuum tubes.

Computers

Sep 8, 1960

Removable disks
Paul Baran sees a communications network different than the traditional point to point links. He envisioned a "fishnet network".

Computers, Audio & Telecommunication. Video & Animation

Sep 25, 1963

CAD (Computer Aided Design)
Sketchpad uses the first light pen.
Phillips first compact audio cassette.
First home video tape recording

Text , Processing & Software, computers

Sep 12, 1964

"Understanding Media" postulates the global village.
Third generation of computers included the photo printing of conductive circuit boards to eliminate wiring.

Text , Processing & Software

Sep 28, 1965

HE inventend the Xanadu hypertext

Text , Processing & Software, Audio & Telecommunication

Sep 14, 1969

Built and Developed of the first hypertext editing system
Dolby labs produces Dolby noise reduction for prerecorded tapes

Computers

Oct 21, 1970

Fourth generation computer by IBM uses chips to reduce size and cost.

Computers

Oct 13, 1971

Intel 4004 chip developed by Hoff. Computers can now be owned by individuals.

Video & Animation

Oct 26, 1972

Phillips laserdisc playback only deck
PONG, first commercial video game

Text , Processing & Software, Audio & Telecommunication

Oct 13, 1973

Metcalf outlines ideas for ethernet
Kahn &Cerf present ideas for structure of Internet

Computers

Feb 24, 1974

Intel 8080 microprocessor which was to be used in many PC’s.

Computers, Audio & Telecommunication, Video & Animation

Feb 24, 1975

Microsoft is founded by Bill Gates.
DND takes over ARPANET
SONY Betamax VCR with a one hour, ½ inch video cassette tape.

Video & Animation

Nov 30, 1976

JVC introduces VHS format.

Computers, Audio & Telecommunication

Feb 24, 1977

Apple was founded by Steven Jobs and Steve Wozniak
Email provided to 100 researchers

Audio & Telecommunication

Nov 8, 1978

First commercially available cell phone

Text , Processing & Software, Audio & Telecommunication

Nov 10, 1979

VisiCalc: the first spreadsheet
Wordstar: word processing package is released.
Walkman: SONY introduces a portable audio cassette player.
First MUD, MUD1, by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw at U of Essex
Beginning of on-line services with CompuServe and The Source.

Text , Processing & Software, Video & Animation

Dec 16, 1980

Word Processing Machine
Single purpose machine with limited storage on magnetic material.
SONY introduces the consumer camcorder

Text , Processing & Software, Computers, Audio & Telecommunication

Dec 26, 1981

The MS-DOS, or Microsoft Disk Operating System
Adam Osborne completed the first portable computer
Apollo Computer unveiled the first work station

Text , Processing & Software, Audio & Telecommunication, Video & Animation

Feb 24, 1982

Lotus 1-2-3, software writes directly into the video system of the IBM PC.
First digital audio 5’’ compact disc.
Computer-generated graphics in movies step forward with Disney's "Tron."

Computers, Audio & Telecommunication

Dec 19, 1983

First PC clone.
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) introduced
Internet is born
TCP/IP protocol

Text , Processing & Software, Computers, Audio & Telecommunication

Dec 15, 1984

(computer pioneer) W. Gibson in Neuromancer coins the term "cyberspace."
Apple Computers introduces the Macintosh with the first mouse driven GUI (Graphical User Interface).
3 1/2-inch "microfloppy" diskette
DNS: domain name server introduced
voicemail developed

Computers, Video & Animation

Dec 8, 1985

Desktop publishing
Aldus PageMaker for the Macintosh
NSFNET: linking five universtiy supercomputer centers
(550 mg)CD-ROMs evolve from CDs on which music is recorded.

Computers, Video & Animation

Dec 31, 1986

optical transistor patented, a component central to digital optical computing.
SONY Betamax removed from consumer shelves

Text , Processing & Software, Audio & Telecommunication

Feb 24, 1987

Hypercard : Apple (1987) actually hypermedia (nonsequential links to documents) includes authoring system -tool for building interactive hypermedia documents (Authorware Model,Linkway)
First digital audio tape players

Text , Processing & Software, Video & Animation

Nov 18, 1988

Robert Morris' worm flooded the ARPANET.
3D Graphics: 3D graphical supercomputers

Text , Processing & Software, Computers, Audio & Telecommunication, Video & Animation

Dec 11, 1989

Handwriting recognition is introduced by grid with a touch sensitive pad on a lap top computers.
Battery powered ,fully functional notebook computer.
Corporation for Research and Education Networking (CREN) is formed by merging CSNET into BITNET Maxis released SimCity, a sophisticated video game launching a new genre 'simulation'.

Text , Processing & Software, Audio & Telecommunication

Dec 19, 1990

IBM, Tandy AT &T, and others announce the software specifications for multimedia platforms.
ARCHIE
The birth of theWorld Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee, develops HTML ( HyperText Markup Language)

Text , Processing & Software, Audio & Telecommunication

Nov 20, 1991

GOPHER
PGP encryption released by Phillip Zimmerman
National Science Foundation lifts ban on commerce on the Internet.

Computers, Audio & Telecommunication

Dec 12, 1992

veronica: very easy rodent-oriented net-wide index of computerized archives.
World Wide Web

Text , Processing & Software, Audio & Telecommunication

Dec 16, 1993

Mosaic developed by M. Andreessen
Internet

Audio & Telecommunication

Dec 21, 1994

Internet goes interactive; shopping, banking, live concerts, radio broadcasting, spamming

Audio & Telecommunication

Dec 20, 1995

Private ISP becomes big business
Netscape goes public