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The renaissance was a rebirth of Europe, that started in Italy. There was a new emphasis on the power of human reasoning and there were many advances in the arts and sciences.
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European exploration started because countries wanted to spread Christianity, they wanted to be the biggest and richest country, and they wanted gold.
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The Inquisition was a papal judicial institution that fought against heresy, witchcraft, and sorcery.
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The Columbian Exchange was a massive exchange that took place between the "New World" and Europe.
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Christopher Columbus set sail in hopes of finding a new route to India, but instead found San Salvador, or present day Bahamas. He claimed San Salvador for Spain.
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Vasco da Gama was the first to open a direct sea route to Asia and he was the first to reach Asia India by sea.
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The Mona Lisa is one of the best known paintings from the Renaissance period.
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"The Praise of Folly" is an essay written by Desiderius Erasmus in Latin.
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Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling using gold and plaster.
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Martin Luther nailed the "95 Theses" or his ideas on a church door. This was the beginning of the Reformation. Martin Luther was later excommunicated from the church by the Pope.
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More specifically known as the Protestant Reformation. A protestant was someone who protested the catholic, and people wanted changes in the church, or reforms.
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Hernando Cortes set sail at only 19 and claimed Mexico for Spain.
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Ferdinand Magellan set sail in 1519 to be the first circumnavigate the Earth. Although he died before he could finish the circumnavigation, he is credited with being the first since his crew finished the circumnavigation.
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Henry VIII was the king of England who resented the Pope claiming power over him. He was married to Catherine of Aragon, but wanted a divorce. The Church would not give him one, so he started his own church, the Anglican Church.
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Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador that led an exploration to conquer the Inca Empire.
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The Jesuits, also known as the Society of Jesus, was a Roman Catholic order of religious men known for their missionary works. They were later recognized by Pope Paul III.
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Jacques Cartier discovered Canada and the St. Lawrence and claimed them for France.
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John Calvin was from Switzerland, he lived during Martin Luther's time, and he believed in predestination. His ideas helped start a theocracy in Switzerland.
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Nicolaus Copernicus is most famously known for developing the theory that the sun is the center of our Solar System.
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During the scientific revolution people became curious and the began to question ancient beliefs. Many new tools were also invented and people conduction new experiments.
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Church leaders met in Trent three times to clearly define doctrines.
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Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII. She made the Anglican Church the official church of England.
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Huguenots were French Protestants who were attacked in civil wars. Years later King Henry IV gave Huguenots religious freedom.
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Francis Drake becomes the second person to complete a circumnavigation of the Earth.
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Johannes Kepler's first law of planetary motion is that all planets move in elliptical orbits, with the sun at one focus. The second is that a line that connects a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
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Galileo Galilei invented a new telescope to study moon and planets.
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Miguel de Cervantes wrote "Don Quixote" in a new form of writing called the novel.
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The Thirty Years war happened due to the support of Lutheranism. Most countries were involved in the war except France, so while other countries got weak, France stayed strong.
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Johannes Kepler third law of planetary motion is that the square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis of its orbit.
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Charles I was the monarch of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
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The English Civil War consisted of the Kings and Nobles fighting against Parliament and Puritans. Parliament was led by Oliver Cromwell, and parliament won.
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Louis XIV wanted to make the King's power absolute because he lived through the France rebellions, when French nobles and peasants had attacked the central royal government.
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After parliament won, Charles I was tried and found guilty and then executed.
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Hobbes believed that all humans were wicked and that governments were created to protect people from themselves. He though an absolute monarchy was the best form of government.
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After Charles I is executed, parliament can not decide on a new government so Cromwell takes over and becomes dictator. Most people do not like his strict rule.
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After Oliver Cromwell dies, Charles II becomes kings. This is known as the restoration.
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Boyle's Law says that temperature and pressure affects the space that a gas occupies.
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Louis XIV had Versailles rebuilt which strained France's economy since it was very expensive.
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The Glorious Revolution was the overthrow of James II by a union of English Parliamentarians and William III.
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After James II was over thrown, William III and Mary II were asked by parliament to rule together.
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Peter the Great is credited with dragging Russia out of its medieval times. He wanted a modern army so military officers had to be educated.
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Locke believed that people had the right to life, liberty, and property.
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The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that was influenced by the rise of modern science and religious conflict coming from the Reformation. Self-expression and human fulfillment was emphasized. Educational ventures were also promoted.
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Frederick the Great earned a good reputation as a military commander. He increased the land of Prussia.
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Montesquieu believed that the best form of government had separation of power. He also thought that you need powers to check each other and maintain balance.
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Voltaire believed in the separation of church and state. He wrote against prejudice, superstition, and intolerance.
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Rousseau believed that the government was a contract between the rulers and the people.
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When the Third Estate is locked out, they go to a tennis court and take what is now known as the Tennis Court Oath.
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The Bastille was a prison that people stormed because it was a symbol of royal oppression and for its weapons.
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In the old order everyone was part of the Three Estates. The Third Estate resented the privileges of the first two estates. They were treated unfairly, and most people were part of the Third Estate. That started the French Revolution which was a political and social revolution.
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizens was a document dealt with human rights and political powers. It granted freedom of speech, press, and religion. It also said that everyone and anyone had the right to hold office and everyone had the right to a fair trial.
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Louis XVI tried to leave Paris, but failed to do so.
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During the Reign of Terror, anyone who did not remain true to the ideals of the Revolution was executed. Calendars no longer had Sundays because radicals considered religion old-fashioned and dangerous.
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The Reign of Terror ended when Robespierre and his followers were taken into custody and executed.
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Moderates were able to regain control from radicals and they wrote the Constitution of 1795.
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Napoleon defeats the British which makes him well respected among the French.
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Napoleon is elected as emperor of the French Empire by a plebiscite that asked all voters if they wanted to be an empire. During the crowning ceremony he crowns himself.
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Napoleon invaded Russia and lost 400,000 men due to Russia's harsh winters.
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Napoleon was exiled from France to Elba, but he soon returned and raised another army.
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Napoleon goes to war with his army against Britain and Prussia. This battle marked Napoleons final defeat and he was exiled once again to Saint Helena.
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