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King John agreed on the Magna Carta which limited the king's power.
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The Renaissance was a artistic and philosophical movement that renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman literature and life.
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German inventor Johannes Gutenberg creates the first movable printing press in 1440. His invention helped spread ideas and print books.
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Portuguese prince begins the Atlantic slave trade.
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Italian explorer, that sailed for Spain, Christopher Columbus discovered San Salvador in 1492.
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Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama, discovered a new trade route to India in 1498
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Italian painter, sculptor, architect, and inventor Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. The Mona Lisa was finished in 1503 and The Last Supper in 1498.
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Italian artist Michelangelo sculpted the Statue of David in 1504. Michelangelo also painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling in 1512.
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Desiderius Erasmus criticized the Catholic Church in the Praise of Folly. The Praise of Folly was published in 1509.
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German monk marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation when he nailed the 95 theses on a church door in Wittenberg.
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During the Protestant Reformation people demanded changes in the church.
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In the service of Spain, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan becomes the first to circumnavigate the globe in 1519.
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Spanish conquistador, Hernan Cortes, conquered the Aztecs in 1521.
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Martin Luther was summoned by the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, to appear before the Imperial Diet of worms.
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Spanish explorer and conquistador, Francisco Pizarro, conquered the Inca Empire in 1532.
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Henry VIII created the Anglican Church because he resented the Pope for claiming power over him and denying him a divorce.
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After St. Ignatius de Loyola founded the Society of Jesus the spread of Protestantism slowed.
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French explorer, Jacques Cartier, discovered and explored the St. Lawrence River in 1534.
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John Calvin returns to Geneva and publishes The Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536.
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Elizabeth I made the Anglican Church the official state church and taxed non-Anglicans.
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English knight, Francis Drake, defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588
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English poet and playwright William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1597.
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His discovery was important because it demonstrated that Earth was not the center of the Universe.
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William Harvey was the first to describe the human circulatory system in 1628.
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Charles I rules in England from 1629-1647. He was executed in 1649.
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Cromwell leads Parliament to overtake the nobles in 1640. He ruled England from 1653-1658.
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Those who remained loyal to King Charles were called royalists or cavaliers. On the other side were the Puritan supporters of Parliament. At first, neither side could gain a lasting advantage. However, by 1644, they found a general who could win; Oliver Cromwell. In 1645, Cromwell's New Model Army began defeating the Cavaliers, and the tide turned towards the Puritans.
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Hobbes believed all humans were wicked, the main purpose of government was to maintain order in society, and absolute monarch was the best.
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Under his rule the Habeas Corpus is created.
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French absolute monarch, Louis XIV, ruled 1643-1715 and moved his court to Versailles in 1682.
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Absolute monarch, Peter the Great, rules Russia.
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Isaac Newton came up with the theory of gravity in 1687 and the laws of motion in 1686.
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The Bill of Rights is drafted in 1689 under their rule
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After the Glorious Revolution power was transferred to Parliament and the Bill of Rights was written.
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Parliament drafted the English Bill of Rights. It created separation of powers, limited the power of the king, enhanced the democratic election, and bolstered the freedom of speech.
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John Locke believed that people were sovereign, that people had the gift of reason, that rulers had a contract where they promised to protect the people's natural rights (Right to life, liberty, and property), and that is a government abused these rights, the people justified in rebelling.
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Prussian absolute monarch, Frederick the Great, ruled 1740-1786.
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Montesquieu said the best form of government had separation of powers, believed England had the best government, said you can't have liberty if two branches are run by one person, and you need power to check each other and maintain balance.
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Rousseau believed that government was a contract between the rulers and the people, that civilization meant the stronger ruled over the weaker, and the only legitimate government rules with the consent of the people.
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Louis XVI was the last king of France.
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The storming of the Bastille marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
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Robespierre executed anyone who didn't agree with the revolution.
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Voltaire felt that religious toleration should win over religious fanaticism, believed in the separation of church and state, and wrote against prejudice, superstition, and intolerance.
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Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Austrian Empire in 1797, became the Emperor of France in 1804, invaded Russia and was defeated in 1812, was exiled for the first time in 1815, and in 1815 he was defeated in Waterloo and exiled again.
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