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The Magna Carta was created in order to limit the king's power in England. It was agreed to (reluctantly) by King John.
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Pope Gregory XI begins the Inquisition (Inquisitors would look for heretics or other offenders to the church and punish them)
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During the Inquisition, Pope Innocent IV allows Inquisitors to torture those they found in order to get a confession from them
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England's Parliament is created in order to advise the king
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New arts were created and new ideals began to form and spread during this time
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A long war between England and France (and their respective allies) for succession of the French throne
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Johannes Gutenburg invents the printing press which help spread ideas during the Renaissance
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Prince Henry of Portugal founds the Atlantic slave trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
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Pope Sixtus IV authorizing the beginning of an Inquisition in Spain
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Christopher Columbus sails for Spain and discovers San Salvador while trying to sail to India- and even mistook it for India
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Vasco da Gama discovers a new trade route to India for spices and other things for Portugal
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Di Vinci's popular painting of Jesus and his disciples, "The Last Supper", is completed
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Pedro Alvares Cabral lands on what is Brazil today and claims it for Portugal
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Famous Italian painter, Leonardo Da Vinci, completes the "Mona Lisa" painting
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Italian artist, Michelangelo, completes the famous Statue of David
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A German mapmaker renames the New World "America" to honor Amerigo Vespucci
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Desiderius Erasmus' famous book, The Praise of Folly, which criticized the Catholic church is published
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Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses onto a church door in Wittenburg which began the Reformation
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People all over Europe began to demand change in the Catholic Church
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Ferdinand Magellan and his crew begin their voyage to be the first to circumnavigate the globe
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Martin Luther is summoned by the Holy Roman Emperor (Charles I) to appear before him and many others in the diet of worms because of his beliefs
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Hernan Cortes and his crew conquer the Aztecs for Spain
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The last few members of Magellan's crew return back to Spain- successfully becoming the first people to finish circumnavigating the globe
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Francisco Pizarro and his crew conquer the Inca Empire for Spain
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St. Ignatius de Loyola founds the Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) to convert people to Catholicism during the Counter-Reformation
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Jacques Carter and his crew explored the St. Lawrence River for France
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King Henry VIII creates the Anglican religion and builds churches for his new religion which was created because Henry wanted to have more power than the pope and he wanted a divorce from his first wife.
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Calvin's beliefs were in predestination, destiny, and that peolpe should have a work ethic which honored God
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Pope Paul III recognizes the Society of Jesus as a real organization
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Pope Paul III starts an Inquisition in Italy
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Nicolaus Copernicus proposes the heliocentric model (sun is at the center of the solar system)
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A council which brought reform to the church and defined the doctrines of the church more clearly
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Elizabeth I made the Anglican Church the official church/religion in England after her father, Henry VIII, created the religion and she took over as queen.
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As part of the Reformation in France Huguenots begin to attack and create civil wars
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Francis Drake and his crew defeat the Spanish armada for England
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Johannes Kepler proves that Copernicus' heliocentric model is correct using planetary motion as proof
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William Shakespeare's most famous story, Romeo and Juliet, is published
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Huguenots are given religious freedom by King Henry IV when he made the Edict of Nantes
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Famous Spanish writer, Miguel de Cervantes, published his most famous book, Don Quixote
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Galileo Galilei invents a new telescope during the Scientific Revolution
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Louis XIII becomes the king of France at only 8 years old
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War between several European countries which France stayed out of for quite a while but France's chief minister kept it going the entire time to make other countries weak
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William Harvey is the first to discover and describe how the human circulatory system functions
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Charles I was king of England until his execution
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Lead by Oliver Cromwell, Parliament overtakes the nobles to end the English Civil War
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Parliament passes new laws which limit royal power even further
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King Charles and a group of armed soldiers attempt to arrest the members of Parliament but they escape before they are able to arrest them
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War between those in England who were against the king (Puritans) and those who were with the king (Royalists). The Puritans defeated the royalists.
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Louis XIV rules France and cared about improving France's culture. The 17th century is known as the age of Louis XIV
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Charles I is executed after Parliament overtakes him and the nobles
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Leviathan said that all humans were naturally wicked, governments were created to protect the people from themselves, a government's main purpose is to maintain order, and the best government would have the power of the leviathan and was an absolute monarchy
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Oliver Cromwell was dictator of England from 1653-1658 after he lead Parliament to victory and overtook the nobles and kings
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Charles II takes his rightful place on the throne after Oliver Cromwell dies
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Under Charles II's rule, the Habeas Corpus is written, which gave prisoners a more fair justice system
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Louis XVI moves his court to Versailles to keep better watch over them
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Peter the Great rules Russia and he dragged Russia out of the medieval times. He brought educational reform and improved the army in several ways.
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Isaac Newton discovered the three laws of motion
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Isaac Newton discovers the theory of gravity during the Scientific Revolution
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James II is overthrown by his daughter, Mary, and her husband, William
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The time in which William and Mary controlled the throne and Parliament made many changes to the things rulers could do
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Under the rule of William and Mary, Parliament drafts the English Bill of Rights which gives more freedom to the people of England
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Locke's writings said that people were sovereign, people and had the gift of reason, rulers were to keep the people's rights safe (life, liberty, and property), and if he failed they were justified in rebelling
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Fredrick the Great ruled in Prussia and he was a great military commander. He increased the land of Prussia using his war tactics and administration
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Montesquieu writes the Spirit of Laws- which talks about separation of powers, checks and balances, and said that you cannot have liberty if two branches of government are run by one person
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Voltaire writes his book Candide- which talks about the separation of church and state, religious toleration, and wrote against prejudge, superstition, and intolerance.
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The Social Contract said that government was a contract between rulers and people, liberty was everyone's birthright but where oppressed by society, civilization means the strong rule over the weak, and government should rule with the consent of the people
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The people of France stormed a prison called the Bastille and begin the revolution in France
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Radicals take over the French government after Louis XVI tried to sneak out of Paris
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Louis XVI tries to sneak him and his family out of Paris and away from the French Revolution
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Louis XVI was overthrown and then later executed because he was not a good king and his death marks the beginning of the Reign of Terror
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Robespierre and his followers spent this time killing those who did not agree with their non-religious and new "republic of virtue" ideals
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Moderates in France rebel against Robespierre and his followers and end the reign of terror when they cut off Robespierre's head. Later, in the next year, these moderates wrote the Constitution of 1795 to make sure that nothing like that could ever happen again
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Napoleon Bonaparte and his soldiers defeat the Austrian Empire which made Napoleon well respected in Frace
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Napoleon gains so much respect that he is elected to be emperor
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Napoleon and his soldiers invade Russia in the winter and are defeated which contributes to his exile later on
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Napoleon was not a very good emperor and brought France to a state of instability and so he was exhiled
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Napoleon comes back later in 1815 to help France fight in battle, is defeated in Waterloo, and is exiled for the second- and last- time
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French Painter, Eugene Delacroix, finishes one of his most famous paintings, Liberty Leading the People
