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Paper was invented in China. 105 C.E.
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The social unrest reached a new level when a talented military leader name Gaius Marius was elected consul. 107 B.C.
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Scipio routed Hannibal's forces on the plain of Zama outside Carthage and took the city, ending the Second Punic War. 202 B.C.
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Violence broke out between Rome and Carthage in 264 BC, this was the beginning of the First Punic War.
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The Romans had defeated the Etruscans and the Greek Cities in the Southern italy. As the Romans conquered Italy they generally imposed few conditions on their subject peoples. 256 B.C.
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The Romans began to elect magistrates called praetors. Peators could also act for the consuls when the consuls were at war. When Rome began to spread the consuls and praetors were usually given military commands.
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The Qin dynasty replaced the Zhou dynasty. It would fall due to a peasant rebel. 300 B.C.
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Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece, the spartan people paid a high price for the military supremacy. 600- 370 B.C.
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In the years of upheaval between 400 and 600, small Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces. The borders of those kingdoms changed constantly with the fortunes of war.
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Around 450 BC, the plebeians forced the patricians to have all laws written down.
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The law of the Twelve Tables, this was a thing sometime around 450 BC, was rome's first written law code. The laws protected both the lenders and borrowers.
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Athens emerged to Delian League. This grew into 200 city-states. 470 B.C.
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The athenian leader Cleisthenes broke power of the nobility and organized people into 10 groups where they lived on their wealth.
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By 511, Clovis had united the Franks into one kingdom. The strategic alliance between Clovis’s Frankish kingdom and the Church marked the start of a partnership between two powerful forces.
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Around 520, an Italian monk named Benedict began writing a book describing a strict yet practical set of rules for monasteries. Benedict’s sister, Scholastica headed a convent and adapted the same rules for women. These guidelines became a model for many other religious communities in western Europe.
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Confucius was born. He developed 5 relationships to organize China in a time of crisis.
551 B.C. -
The Persian War began between the greek and persian empire. the persians conquered the area. 546 B.C.
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By 600, the Church, with the help of Frankish rulers, had converted many Germanic peoples. These new converts had settled in Rome’s former lands.
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The first democratic a nobleman Draco took power. He develop a legal code. 621B.C.
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Messenians resented Spartans harsh rule. But turned into a city state. 650 B.C.
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Leather saddles and stirrups changed the
way warfare was conducted in Europe during the 700s. Both had been developed. The saddle kept a warrior firmly seated on a moving horse. Stirrups enabled him to ride and handle heavier weapons. Without stirrups to brace him, a charging warrior was likely to topple off his own horse. -
Sparta conquered the neighboring region Messenia and took over the land. Messenians became peasants forced to stay on the land and work. 725 B.C.
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In 731, the Venerable Bede, an English monk, wrote a history of England. Scholars still consider it the best historical work of the early Middle Ages. In the 600s and 700s, monks made beautiful copies of religious writings, decorated with ornate letters and brilliant pictures.
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Charles Martel also defeated Muslim raiders from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732. This battle was highly significant for Christian Europeans. If the Muslims had won, western Europe might have become part of the Muslim Empire.
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A city-state was the fundamental political unit in ancient greece. New city-states were joining and appearing. 750 B.C.
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Homer Methods composed epics and narrative poems, called the Iliad. 700-750 B.C.
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nomads from the north and west came in to attack the Zhou capital and murder the Zhou monarch. Thier government failed and chaos happened. 771B.C.
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Zhou brought the Mandate of heaven to power. it chose the leader and became central to the government. 1000 B.C.
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The Zhou dynasty came in and established their own dynasty and overthrew the shang dynasty. 1027B.C.
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The Shang Dynasty lasted from 1700B.C. - 1027B.C. First dynasty in Chinese records.
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From 1600 to 1100 B.C. Mycenae could withstand from any attack warrior kings surrounded the village and farms.
Strong rulers controlled the area. -
Upper and Lower Egypt split. This calls for new ruling. 1100 B.C.
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Knights were expected to display courage in battle and loyalty to their lord. By the 1100s, the code of chivalry, a complex set of ideals, demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters.Sons of nobles began training for knighthood at an early age and learned the code of chivalry. At age 7, a boy would be sent off to the castle of another lord. As a page, he waited on his hosts and began to practice fighting skills. At around age 14, the page reached the rank of squire.
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Sea riders attacked and burned mycenaean cities
they were invaded and became weaker. around 1200 B.C. -
Trojan war was fought between the mycenaeans and troy
trojan war lasted 10 years. 1200 B.C.E. -
The last Chinese dynasty was the Ming, which lasted from C.E. 1368 to 1644. It was famous for its exquisite arts and crafts.
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1500 B.C. Aryans, who were nomadic people, came into the Indus valley and Indian civilizations grow again under the influence of the nomads.
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Mycenaean civilization came into contact with the Minoan through seaborne trade. This lead to more trade and expansion of new ideas and products. 1500 B.C.
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Babylonia is conquered by the Kassites. They rule the area for 400+ years. 1530 B.C.
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Chinese had their own written language. it didn’t link to their written language. 1600 B.C.
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Hyksos ruled Egypt. They were the “rulers of foreign lands”.
1630-1523 B.C. -
Middle Kingdom was brought to an end. Hyksos moved from Palestine across the Isthmus of Suez into Egypt. 1640 B.C.
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Egyptians created thousands of new acres of farmland by draining the swamps of lower Egypt. They also built huge dikes to trap and channel Nile’s floodwaters for irrigation. 2040-1640 B.C.
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The higher class people lived in timber framed houses made of straw and clay while the lower class just lived in little huts. 1700 B.C.
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The peasants were the next most important people because they were the ones who produced the food for the entire country. 1700 B.C.
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Scholars were the most highly respected people because they had the ability to read and write the complicated Chinese writing system. Scholars often worked for the government as
civil servants. 1700 B.C. -
Cities near the river suffered great disasters. Those who survived had no way to farm and died. 1750 B.C.
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Quality of building in Indus Valley declined. This started the end to Indus civilization. 1750 B.C.
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Hammurabi had a code of laws created due to the unsafe village. He used it to unify diverse groups in his empire
1792 B.C. -
Babylonian empire came to its’ end during the rise of Hammurabi. Hammurabi was well known for creating his code of laws. 1792-1750 B.C.
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Harappan created a written language with about 400 symbols. It cannot be deciphered to this day. 1800 B.C.
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After Crassus died, Caesar and Pompey go into a civil war, Caesar wins and got full control over the Republic. The Senate then later declared him as the dictator for life. 44 B.C.
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Julius Caesar was one of the most powerful men in the Roman Republic. He was the Governor of the province of Gaul the winner of dozen of battles, a charismatic leader, and a powerful public speaker. 50 B.C.
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Pompey, Caesar, Crassus, all took over the Roman Republic as the First Triumvirate. This meant three men ruled. 60 B.C.
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Sumerians’ city-states were at war numerous times. This formed the role of leadership.
3000-2000 B.C. -
Settlements began to grow as china's first new cities. at this time the chinese first dynasty, the xia dynasty was first created. 2000 B.C.
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Indus River brought yearly floods. This caused either too much rain, too little rain, or a perfect balance that was unpredictable.
2000 B.C. -
Monsoons dominated India’s climates. They suffered anything from a blowing of dry air to blowing of great moisture and rain.
2000 B.C. -
Mentuhotep II gained control of entire country. Agriculture advanced. 2005 B.C.
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Villages of Egypt were under control of Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt. They were said to be under the control of Narmer.
3200 B.C. -
The conflict between these two cities eventually grew into a series of three wars. This was called the Punic Wars, they continued on and off for nearly 80 years. 246-146 B.C.
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Literature and arts flourished under the ruling of the Tang Dynasty. C.E. 618-907
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Solon the democratic made democratic reforms stating no one person should own another person. outlawing slavery. 594B.C.
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The Persian fleet carried 25,000 men across the Aegean Sea and landed northeast of Athens. 490 B.C.
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When invaders threatened Rome in 494 BC, the plebeians seceded or withdrew, then left Rome.
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The Etruscans ruled Rome until 509 BC, when the Romans revolted and threw out their last king.
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Rome decided to destroy its old enemy for the last time. They declared war for the 3rd time. 149 B.C.
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The mayor of the palace in 719,Charles Martel held more power than the king. Charles Martel extended the Franks’ reign to the
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In 800, Charlemagne traveled to Rome to crush an unruly mob that had attacked the pope. In gratitude, Pope Leo III crowned him emperor. The coronation was historic.
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Different dialects developed as new words and phrases became part of everyday speech. By the 800s, French, Spanish, and other Roman based languages had evolved from Latin. The development of various languages mirrored the continued breakup of a once-unified empire.
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Charlemagne spread Christianity. He reunited western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire. By 800, Charlemagne’s empire was larger than the Byzantine Empire. He had become the most powerful king in western Europe.
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In 911, two former enemies faced each other in a peace ceremony. Rollo was the head of a Viking army. Rollo and his men had been plundering the rich Seine River valley for years.
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The Carthaginian general Hannibal led a well-trained army and a force of war elephants across the Pyrenees and the Alps to invade Italy. For many years Hannibal dominated the Italian country-side, defeating one Roman army after another. 218 B.C.
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The grand canal was built. 581C.E.
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In 590, Gregory I, also called Gregory the Great, became pope. As head of the Church in Rome, Gregory broadened the authority of the papacy, or pope’s office, beyond its spiritual role.
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From about 800 to 1000, invasions destroyed the Carolingian Empire. Muslim invaders from the south seized Sicily and raided Italy. In 846, they sacked Rome. Magyar invaders struck from the east.
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Kings, Queens, priests, and wealthy landowners stand above merchants who are above farmers and peasants. 2032 B.C.
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The Middle Kingdom restored law and order. Egyptians improved trade and transportation by digging a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea. 2040-1640 B.C.
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Egyptians developed hieroglyphics. Unlike cuneiform it was written on papyrus reeds. 2042 B.C.
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Egyptians created the calendar with 365 days. They used it to keep track of when to plant according to flooding. 2043 B.C.
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Egyptians developed a system of written numbers for counting, adding, and subtraction. They used the system to collect taxes.
2144 B.C. -
Sargon’s dynasty came to an end due to violence, invasions, and a famine. It was the end to the first empire.
2150 B.C. -
Power of the pharaohs declined Which marked the end of the Old Kingdom. 2180 B.C.
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Cuneiform was created by Sumerians. It was written on clay tablets recording events, astronomy, chemistry, and medicine.
2300 B.C. -
Sargon defeated the city states of Sumer. He led an army from Akkad, which was north of sumer. He helped spread the culture and create the first empire.
2350 B.C. -
Arithmetic, geometry, architectural innovations, and Cuneiform were formed by Sumerians. They developed language and measurement accuracy.
2500 B.C. -
Sumerians believed their many gods controlled different forces of nature. To impress them they built ziggurats.
2500 B.C. -
Sumerian city-states were ruled by dynasties. Leadership kept villages in place, an important part of Sumerian society.
2500 B.C. -
Manny settlers gather and traded ideas within Sumerian city-states. Cultural diffusion helped other cultures to experience new things and improve based on what they learned from others.
2500 B.C. -
Egyptians built pyramids as burial sites for the pharaohs. Egyptians made the advancement of building huge pyramids. 2500 B.C.
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Indus civilization rose in part of India and Pakistan. It had flat fertile land formed by the Indus and Ganges River. 2500 B.C.
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Indus Valley created an impressive city plan. They laid the city in a precise grid system. 2500 B.C.
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Indus Valley filled their streets with buildings made of oven baked bricks. They also developed a plumbing and sewage system.
2500 B.C. -
Indus Valley’s largest cities were Kalibangan, Mohenjo-Daro, and Harappa. The civilization was called Harappan civilization.
2500 B.C. -
People of Indus Valley began laying bricks to build the city. They built earthen walls to keep water out of the city. 2500 B.C.
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In 2500 B.C., what is now called Pakistan was India’s first created civilization. The first cities were building and first to use brick. started using levees and walls to hold out the water.
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Trading began on the Indus River. They traded with Mesopotamians and brought luxury goods to Sumer.
2600 B.C. -
Start of the Old Kingdom. Pyramids reflect the strength of Egypt and show the economic strength and technology. 2660 B.C.
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Pharaohs became Egypt's kings and were viewed as gods. This type of government was called theocracy. 2660 B.C.
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Sumerians built Uruk, Kish, Langash, Umma, and Ur. These city states were the beginning of civilization. 3000 B.C.
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Wars began to develop and priests were responsible for their own government while military leaders lead the city. Priests and kings were at the highest rank in the social class.
3000 B.C. -
By 3200 B.C., the people were farming and improving agriculture in villages by the Indus river.
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Sumerians faced many environmental challenges where they settled. Sumerians dealt with floods or no rain at all and they had no natural resources. 3300 B.C.
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Sumerians were introduced as settlers coming for good soil. They created many tools and technology. 3300 B.C
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People were farming along the Indus River. They were among the first ever.
7000 B.C.