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1543
The Scientific Revolution
British historian David Wooton's article "History: Science and the Reformation", published in Nature in 2017, discusses religious conflicts with scientific publications during the Scientific Revolution, beginning in 1543 with the emergence of Copernicanism. At the time, it was unprecedented for anyone to challenge the long-standing Aristotelian principles (such as the geocentric model) that the Church took to be true. It took numerous publications before scientific culture was accepted. -
The Enlightenment
Philosophy professor William Bristow's entry "Enlightenment" in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archive, released in August 2017, discusses the Enlightenment, and its impacts on various areas, including science. The Enlightenment served as a turning point for science, encouraging rational and scientific observation and knowledge. In particular, Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia served as a collection of human knowledge, and illustrates the collaboration present during the Enlightenment. -
The First Industrial Revolution
History professor Douglas Hay's article "British Coal Mining and the Industrial Revolution", published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Arts in July 1947, outlines some results of the First Industrial Revolution in Britain. The population saw a rapid increase in the eighteenth century due to the growing birth rate. British coal mining also developed quickly, giving Britain a reliable fuel source. This accounts for Britain's rapid industrialization relative to other European countries. -
The Second Industrial Revolution
Political science professor and economist Herbert Stanley Jevons' article "The Second Industrial Revolution", published in The Economic Journal in March 1931, examines challenges that were present during the Second Industrial Revolution. There existed a large amount of competition between manufacturers, industries, and even entire countries. There was also a debate between free trade and protectionism, demonstrating the importance of material gain during the Second Industrial Revolution.