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The "Estados Generales" and the "Asamblea Nacional
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Asamblea Constituyente
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La Asamblea Constituyente
After storming the Bastille (a fortress symbolising absolutism), this assembly abolished feudal rights and adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
A month later, a Constitution was promulgated:
- Parliamentary monarchy was the new form of government.
- The division of powers was established
- The assembly was to be elected by census suffrage. -
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Estados Generales and Asamblea Nacional
They met in Versailles and each group made a notebook of complaints with their claims. The clergy and the nobility wanted to vote by estate, the third estate, by person.
The representatives of the third estate were renamed the National Assembly, where they swore in the ballroom that they would stay together until France is a constitution. -
The "Asamblea Legislativa"
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Asamblea Legislativa
In October 1791, the Legislative Assembly was constituted by vote. The clergy, the nobility and the monarch were at odds because they were losing their powers. This caused terror in the European monarchies, so Prussia and Austria declared war against France in 1792. -
Napoleon
A young general, called Napoleon Bonaparte, is elected General-in-Chief of the Italian army, starting with the Italian Campaigns. -
Napoleon becomes emperor
Napoleon becomes emperor, creating an expansionist policy:
Territorial in Europe, forming the French Empire.
Ideological. Supported political liberalism -
El Congreso de Viena
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Congreso de Viena
The major European powers met at the Congress of Vienna, chaired by Metternich, to make a treaty guaranteeing lasting peace and preventing new revolutions.
- France returned to its pre-Revolutionary borders.
- The Netherlands acquired Belgium, and Piedmont received Savoy and Genoa.
- Russia, Austria and Prussia acquired territories on an equal basis. -
Napoleon's death
After his return to power, the "Government of 100 days" is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and banished to the island of St. Helena, where he died. Waterloo and banished to the island of St. Helena where he died. -
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Absolute monarchy
The attempts of the Restoration to return to the Ancien Régime were unsuccessful, therefore, they still had a monarchical system. -
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The two revolutionary waves
1º wave (1820): It began in Spain, where Commander Riego fought against the absolutism of Ferdinand VII. It ended with the intervention of the Holy Alliance and the return to absolutism. 2º wave (1830): It began in France when Charles X was overthrown by establishing an absolute monarchy.
Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands in 1831.
Poland fought against the Russian Empire, but failed, and there were also revolts in some Italian states, but no one won. -
1820 - 1830
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1848
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The 1848 revolutions
It began in France, where the very moderate Constitution of 1848 was drafted. The revolution spread to the major cities of central and southern Europe, where constitutions and respect for individual liberties were demanded.
Most of the revolutions failed, but they were an important breakthrough for liberalism. -
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The Italian unification
The Italian peninsula was divided into several states, some under foreign domination. The process was led by the kingdom of Piedmont, with its king, Victor Emmanuel II, its prime minister Cavour and the revolutionary Garibaldi as the main pillars of the movement. -
The German unification
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The German unification (1864 - 1871)
First phase (1864): Prussia invades Denmark in this year because of a problem of Danish ducats.
Second phase (1866 - 1869): Prussia confronts Austria. Bismarck took advantage of Austria's focus on the rebellions in the Italian states to defeat it. His defeat created the North German Confederation.
Third phase (1870 - 1871): Bismarck signed a military alliance with the southern German states. France opposed this union, so Besmarck started a war with France. -
The Italian unification (1859 - 1870)
