-
A time of religious wars between the Christians and Muslims in purpose to take over Holy Lands and convert religions. There were 8 major crusades that took place. (Baldwin, Marshall W. , Madden, Thomas F. and Dickson, Gary. "Crusades". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades. Accessed 28 September 2022.)
-
It started the First Crusade's and was led mainly by the peasant army Peter the Hermit. Their main objective was to retake the holy land, specifically Jerusalem from their Islamic rule. https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades
-
The battle that ended the People's Crusade, started by the pilgrims, fought against the Turkish army of Kilij Arlslan I. (Hanson, Marilee. "People’s Crusade (April 1096 – October 1096)" <a href="https://englishhistory.net/middle-ages/peoples-crusade/">https://englishhistory.net/middle-ages/peoples-crusade/</a>, January 12, 2022) -
Being the arrival of the First Crusade in the Holy Land, it was the fight between the French Forces and Muslim alliance, led by Kerbogha, whos main objective was to take Antioch from the Crusaders for regional power. Matthews, Rupert. "Siege of Antioch". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Oct. 2021, https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Antioch-1097-1098. Accessed 28 September 2022. -
Started by the European forces for ownership of the Holy Land, it was a fight fought by the Christian Army and the allied Muslims. After a siege, Jerusalem was captured on July 15th. (Cartwright, Mark. "The Capture of Jerusalem, 1099 CE." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 16 Jul 2018. Web. 28 Sep 2022.)
-
AKA The Bubonic Plague, was the pandemic that hit Europe and Asia and consisted of symptoms of swollen black or purple lumps, flu-like symptoms, and limb pain. This was started from Yersinia Pestis (Bacteria) transmitted from animals. (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Black Death". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death. Accessed 28 September 2022.)
-
The Plague reached London, with the population of 70,000 at the time. (https://www.preceden.com/timelines/49344-the-black-death-timeline)
-
King Edward III ordered the Mayor of London to get rid of all the dead bodies because the streets were foul, and dangerous to be on. (https://www.preceden.com/timelines/49344-the-black-death-timeline) -
3000 Jews were killed in Erfurt, Germany because of the Black Death, by a mob of Christians. (https://timenote.info/en/events/Up-to-3000-Jews-were-killed-in-Black-Death-riots-in-Efurt) -
The plague had now reached the entire continent of Europe. (https://www.preceden.com/timelines/49344-the-black-death-timeline)
-
Peasants rebelled against King Richard II because of low pay, and poll tax, they wanted change. During this revolt, the leader Wat Tyler was killed, and in the end, not much was acheived. (https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/z93txbk/articles/zyb77yc) -
A period where Europeans were exploring the world. (https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-exploration/The-Age-of-Discovery)
-
The Renaissance beginning in Italy, a time where art like painting, sculpture, and architecture, when naturalistic styles and humanist theories were introduced from the study of classical sources. (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Renaissance". Encyclopedia Britannica, 12 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance. Accessed 28 September 2022.)
-
From Florence, Italy, The Medici's were known as the "Godfather" of the Renaissance. Starting with Cosimo de Medici, they had power because they were innovators of banking, art, and architecture. (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Medici family". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Sep. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Medici-family. Accessed 28 September 2022.) -
Invented by Johannes Gutenberg, this invention not only created printing, but caused the spread of the Gutenberg's bible. Allowing everyone in Europe to access the bible. https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/gutenberg-bible -
Designed by architecture Filippo Brunelleschi, it was the worlds largest church and dome. The building began in 1296 and took 142 years to finish. It was the first eight sided dome to stand on its own. (King, Carol. "the Duomo". Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Jul. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/topic/the-Duomo. Accessed 28 September 2022.) -
Lead by Sultan Mehmed II, the Ottomans broke Constantinople’s ancient land wall after surrounding the city for 55 days. This allowed Ottomans' expansion into eastern Europe -
Italian explorer Christopher Columbus set out across the Atlantic ocean and discovered America. (https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/columbus-sets-sail) -
One of the most famous artworks in the world, located in Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, it depicts the Last Supper of Jesus with the twelve Apostles. (Zelazko, Alicja. "Last Supper". Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 Apr. 2018, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Supper-fresco-by-Leonardo-da-Vinci. Accessed 28 September 2022.) -
The shorter period of the High Rennaissance, consisting of linear perspective, elements of architecture, and quadrature or ceiling paintings, the main figures being Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo. ("High Renaissance Movement Overview and Analysis". [Internet]. 2022. TheArtStory.org Written by Rebecca Seiferle
Edited and revised, with Summary and Accomplishments added by Kimberly Nichols, published on 30 May 2018.) -
A life-sized marble sculpture made by the Italian artist Michaelangelo in Rome. (Gilbert, Creighton E.. "Michelangelo". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michelangelo. Accessed 29 September 2022.) -
The Portuguese navigator Vasco De Gama started his voyage from Lisbon, Portugal, and went all around near Southern Africa and ended In India. He was the first to make this voyage. (Campbell, Eila M.J. and Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe. "Vasco da Gama". Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasco-da-Gama. Accessed 28 September 2022.) -
The Italian artist Leonardo Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa during the Renaissance, it is located in Louvre (Paris), and is one of the most famous paintings in the world. (https://mymodernmet.com/leonardo-da-vinci-mona-lisa-facts/#:~:text=(Paris%2C%20France)-,What%20is%20the%20Mona%20Lisa%3F,is%20also%20the%20most%20valuable.) -
Niccolo Machiavelli wrote the political treatise on how to gain power and keep it, it was a guide on what to do as a politician. It was published in 1532. (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "The Prince". Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 Sep. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Prince. Accessed 29 September 2022.)
-
The theses were propositions of the indulgences of the Church because Martin Luther was against them, so he wrote 95 theses against them and nailed them to every Church door.
-
The religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century, causing the founding of Protestantism. (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Reformation". Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/event/Reformation. Accessed 28 September 2022.)
-
Cortes explored the northern part of Mexico and discovered Baja California, and found the Aztecs and conquered them. (Innes, Ralph Hammond. "Hernán Cortés". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Sep. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hernan-Cortes. Accessed 29 September 2022.) -
The meeting of the of the Holy Roman Empire held at Worms, Germany, made famous by Martin Luther’s appearance before it to respond to charges of heresy. (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Diet of Worms". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2 Jan. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/event/Diet-of-Worms-Germany-1521.) -
Pizzaro sailed around South America and gained land and wealth for his home country, Spain. During his expedition, he conquered Peru. (Ballesteros-Gaibrois, Manuel. "Francisco Pizarro". Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 Sep. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-Pizarro. Accessed 29 September 2022.) -
Also known as Mannerism, the late renaissance is a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance. (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Renaissance Timeline". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 Sep. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Renaissance-Timeline. Accessed 28 September 2022.)
-
Published by Nicolaus Copernicus, (https://www.britannica.com/topic/De-revolutionibus-orbium-coelestium-libri-VI) -
A period of significant change in scientific thought, based on a process of thinking. leading the the emerge of questioning religious beliefs, moral principles, and the traditional scheme of nature.
-
The Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation. It was to define Catholic doctrine and made sweeping decrees on self-reform, helping to revitalize the Roman Catholic Church in the face of Protestant expansion. This went on until 1563. (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Council of Trent". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Aug. 2021, https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Trent. ) -
The first legal basis for the of Lutheranism and Catholicism to exist together in Germany by the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire assembled earlier that year at Augsburg. (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Peace of Augsburg". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Sep. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Augsburg.) -
When her sister "Bloody Mary" died, Queen Elizabeth I became ruler at her coronation in Westminster Abbey, England. During her ruling, she helped unify her country against enemies. (Greenblatt, Stephen J. and Morrill, John S.. "Elizabeth I". Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Sep. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-I. Accessed 29 September 2022.) -
Invented by Abraham Ortelius, used as a book or collection of maps that provide provide maps on global and national scales. This is what helped find continental drift and the shape of the world. (https://artsandculture.google.com/story/how-the-creation-of-the-atlas-helped-discover-continental-drift-rockoxhuis/vwURufJvjgUVJA?hl=en)
-
The Danish Astronomer Tycho Brahe discovered the New Star in the constellation of Cassiopeia. This discovery showed that the star was farther away than the Moon and was among the fixed stars (Eggen, Olin Jeuck. "Tycho Brahe". Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Apr. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tycho-Brahe-Danish-astronomer. Accessed 29 September 2022.)
-
Plotted by Catherine de’ Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens, It was an event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century. (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/event/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day. Accessed 29 September 2022.) -
AKA Édit de Nantes, law promulgated at Nantes in Brittany, by Henry IV of France, which granted a large measure of religious liberty to his Protestant subjects, the Huguenots. It brought an end to the violent Wars of Religion that began in 1562. (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Edict of Nantes". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Apr. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/event/Edict-of-Nantes. Accessed 29 September 2022.) -
Philosopher Giordano Bruno was burned at stake by the Roman Inquisition for his heretical ideas, which he refused to recant. One of his ideas were that the universe may be infinite and populated with many worlds and that all religions should peacefully coexist. (Aquilecchia, Giovanni. "Giordano Bruno". Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 Sep. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giordano-Bruno. Accessed 29 September 2022.) -
Galileo Galilei wasn't the first to create a telescope, but his could magnify things to appear 3 times bigger. Using it, you could see into to space, so this led to the better understanding of our solar system (https://www.loc.gov/collections/finding-our-place-in-the-cosmos-with-carl-sagan/articles-and-essays/modeling-the-cosmos/galileo-and-the-telescope#:~:text=Galileo%20Galilei%20(1564%2D1642),demonstrated%20the%20telescope%20in%20Venice.)
