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Ending in 1099, the goal was to recover Holy Land from the Islamic rule by the Turks. There were four groups and their goal was to Constantinople and Jerusalem. Hundreds of women, men and children were slaughtered as the Crusades made their way to the cities.
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades -
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Ending in 1149, this crusade repeat was introduced by the Pope and the nobility of Europe. The goal was to once again, recapture the city of Edessa. People got slaughtered and sold into slavery again
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades
https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Crusade/ -
Ending in 1192, numerous attempts have been made to try and revive the Holy Land, three monarchs from Europe took action. The current ruler who took over Jerusalem was Muslim leader Saladin. https://www.britannica.com/event/Third-Crusade
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Ending in 1204, in this fourth sttempt of the Crusades, Pope Innocent III called for another Crusade in 1198 to try again to take over the Byzantine Empire and retrive their land of Jerusalem back. The Crusades also called declared war on Constantinople and ended with the fall of the city. https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades
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An event of the 4th Crusade that resulted in the capture on Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire got weakened.
https://www.medievalchronicles.com/the-crusades/top-10-famous-events-of-the-crusades/ -
Until 1271, many more Crusades took place (such as the Albigensian Crusade 1208-29 or Baltic Crusades 1211-25) to outnumber Muslim forces and whatever group comes as an enemy to Christianity. A "Children's Crusade" had also taken place as kids vowed to set out and recover Jerusalem from the Muslims.https://www.britannica.com/event/Childrens-Crusade
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades -
Starting from China and Central Asia to Europe, the Mongols attack a trading port which is infected and his people got infected. He then throws their bodies into the town of his enemies to infect them. The ships carried the plague and spread it. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Black-Death-Timeline
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During the Black Plague, Christians started to believe that Jews were the problem, as anti-Semitism was wide spread even before this era. It is unsure why Christians did this, but most likely based on political views. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11625662/
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By 1351, the plague has claimed an estimate of 25 million people in the span of just 4 years. Took half the populatin in France. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Black-Death-Timeline
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The population of Europe and dropped drastically in the span of around 100 years. Using England as an example, their population decreased by half. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Black-Death-Timeline
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Invented around 1436 by German goldsmith, Johannes Gutenberg, the printing press made text widely available in the common tongue for the non wealthy as text was written in Latin. The first book to be widely printed was the Holy Bible. Because of this invention, this was a major breakthrough in the Renaissance.
https://www.history.com/news/printing-press-renaissance#:~:text=German%20goldsmith%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20is,automate%20the%20book%2Dprinting%20process. -
The Ottoman Empire had captured Constantinople Byzantine Empire. Mehmed II wanted his own empire and to rule Constantinople.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire/Mehmed-II -
During the Renaissance, the wealthy Medici family was one to make Florence, Italy by far one of the wealthiest cities in the world. They supported the ideas of the arts and literature and contributed in the funds.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cosimo-de-Medici -
Bartolomeu Dias founded and sailed to what he named "The Cape of Good Hope" in Africa. Columbus sailed and reached the Bahamas. They did this due to the innovation of tools for distance and traveling to encourage their journeys. These are two examples of people who were part of the age of Exploration. https://www.thoughtco.com/renaissance-timeline-4158077
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Also called the "Age of Discovery" was a time period when the nations of Europe began exploring the world. This began roughly in the late 1400's starting with Columbus' sail in 1492 as a well known event. This era ended in the early 1600's. New routes to countries including India and Americas.
https://www.fcps.net/cms/lib/KY01807169/Centricity/Domain/10943/final%20Adam%20Sullinger%20NTI%20Days%20May%2018-22.pdf -
Christopher Columbus is most well known for his "discovery" of the Americas. He sailed to the New World in search of more goods as this is the Age of Exploration. Although starting off as friendly to the Natives, it drastically changed and became violent and he tried to exploit them from their land for his profit.
https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/christopher-columbus#:~:text=Explorer%20Christopher%20Columbus%20(1451%E2%80%931506,board%20his%20ship%20Santa%20Maria. -
Painted 1495-98, this painting represents the scene with Jesus and Twelve Apostles when he announces that one of them will betray him.
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Vasco de Gama set sail to find better routes from Europe to India. He was the first European to reach India by the sea.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasco-da-Gama -
Michelangelo's sculpture, David was created in 1501-1504. This is a large masterpiece in the concept of art and located in Florence, Italy. Michelangelo wanted to represent the biblical figure David.
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King Henry VIII is most notable for his 6 wives, two of which he sent to their death and the rest divorced or had died all due to the fact he wanted a son yet didn't get one until way later.
https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/henry-viii#:~:text=Contents&text=Henry%20VIII%20ruled%20England%20for,and%20a%20healthy%20male%20heir. -
Martin Luther supposedly nailed a list of 95 theses (opinions, theories) to the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany which the started the Protestant Reformation.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/martin-luther-posts-95-theses#:~:text=Martin%20Luther%20posts%2095%20theses,would%20begin%20the%20Protestant%20Reformation. -
The Protestant Reformation was a European movement in the 16th century started by Martin Luther with the Diet of Worms, that questioned and rebuilt the beliefs of the church. It then created the branch in Christianity called Protestantism.
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/protestant-reformation -
Cortes sailed for Mexico to explore the land and find resources when he found the Aztec tribe ruled by Montezuma. He conquered them by the time of his many returns back. He started off as friendly then became worse to the people.
https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/hernan-cortes#:~:text=In%201519%2C%20Cort%C3%A9s%20was%20set,the%20Aztec%20capital%20of%20Tenochtitlan. -
Mannerism simply means style and during the Renaissance, artists used this technique to produce realistic artwork. An artist such such as Vasari implied this in his works.
https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/mannerism.html#:~:text=Derived%20from%20the%20Italian%20maniera,conscious%20artifice%20over%20realistic%20depiction. -
Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire conquers Rome played a part in ending the Renaissance in the Italy.
https://www.britannica.com/summary/Renaissance-Causes-and-Effects -
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Copernicus (1473-1543) was a widely known figure as he proposed and formulated that rather relying on the Geocentric theory, the Heliocentric or more formidable as it states that the Sun is the Center of the solar system and the Earth and Planets revolve around it. Although his thoughts of the Heliocentric Theory were most likely made sometime between 1508-1514, he waited until he died to get them published so he didn't have to suffer from it.
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A period in time that took place during the 16th and 17th century when there was drastic change in scientific thought process.
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This event temporarily released tension from the Reformation. This was a time when many monarchs took their throne
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As Shakespeare was popular during the Renaissance, he also had the construction of the Globe theater where he later had his plays performed at the Globe. So this was a large form of art during the Renaissance.
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Galileo Galilei created a very early and first model of a modern day telescope. It was a crude refracting telescope in which was initially magnified to 8x which then changed to 20x.
https://www.universetoday.com/15763/galileos-telescope/ -
Using his telescope invention, Galileo discovered that looking at Jupiter, it has 4 moons. He at first thought they were stars but later concluded that they were in fact moons orbiting around Jupiter.
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/410-years-ago-galileo-discovers-jupiter-s-moons -
This was one of the most destructive and longest European conflicts. I was a religious conflict with 8 million causalities.
https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/thirty-years-war