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1096
First Crusade
Ending in 1099, the goal was to recover Holy Land from the Islamic rule by the Turks. There were four groups and their goal was to Constantinople and Jerusalem. Hundreds of women, men and children were slaughtered as the Crusades made their way to the cities.
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades -
Period: 1096 to 1291
The Crusades
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1147
The Second Crusade
Ending in 1149, this crusade repeat was introduced by the Pope and the nobility of Europe. The goal was to once again, recapture the city of Edessa. People got slaughtered and sold into slavery again
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades
https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Crusade/ -
1187
The Third Crusade
Ending in 1192, numerous attempts have been made to try and revive the Holy Land, three monarchs from Europe took action. The current ruler who took over Jerusalem was Muslim leader Saladin. https://www.britannica.com/event/Third-Crusade -
1202
The Fourth Crusade
Ending in 1204, in this fourth sttempt of the Crusades, Pope Innocent III called for another Crusade in 1198 to try again to take over the Byzantine Empire and retrive their land of Jerusalem back. The Crusades also called declared war on Constantinople and ended with the fall of the city. https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades -
1204
Siege of Constantinople
An event of the 4th Crusade that resulted in the capture on Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire got weakened.
https://www.medievalchronicles.com/the-crusades/top-10-famous-events-of-the-crusades/ -
1208
Final Crusades
Until 1271, many more Crusades took place (such as the Albigensian Crusade 1208-29 or Baltic Crusades 1211-25) to outnumber Muslim forces and whatever group comes as an enemy to Christianity. A "Children's Crusade" had also taken place as kids vowed to set out and recover Jerusalem from the Muslims.https://www.britannica.com/event/Childrens-Crusade
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades -
1347
Bubonic Plague Spreads
Starting from China and Central Asia to Europe, the Mongols attack a trading port which is infected and his people got infected. He then throws their bodies into the town of his enemies to infect them. The ships carried the plague and spread it. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Black-Death-Timeline -
Period: 1347 to 1352
The Black Death
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1348
Jews Get Blamed For Black Plague
During the Black Plague, Christians started to believe that Jews were the problem, as anti-Semitism was wide spread even before this era. It is unsure why Christians did this, but most likely based on political views. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11625662/ -
1351
Increase in Death
By 1351, the plague has claimed an estimate of 25 million people in the span of just 4 years. Took half the populatin in France. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Black-Death-Timeline -
1400
End of The Black Death
The population of Europe and dropped drastically in the span of around 100 years. Using England as an example, their population decreased by half. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Black-Death-Timeline -
Period: 1400 to 1495
Early Renaissance
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1436
Johannes Gutenberg's Printing Press
Invented around 1436 by German goldsmith, Johannes Gutenberg, the printing press made text widely available in the common tongue for the non wealthy as text was written in Latin. The first book to be widely printed was the Holy Bible. Because of this invention, this was a major breakthrough in the Renaissance.
https://www.history.com/news/printing-press-renaissance#:~:text=German%20goldsmith%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20is,automate%20the%20book%2Dprinting%20process. -
1453
Fall of Constantinople
The Ottoman Empire had captured Constantinople Byzantine Empire. Mehmed II wanted his own empire and to rule Constantinople.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire/Mehmed-II -
Aug 1, 1464
Cosimo de Medici Dies
During the Renaissance, the wealthy Medici family was one to make Florence, Italy by far one of the wealthiest cities in the world. They supported the ideas of the arts and literature and contributed in the funds.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cosimo-de-Medici -
1476
Start: Age of Exploration
Bartolomeu Dias founded and sailed to what he named "The Cape of Good Hope" in Africa. Columbus sailed and reached the Bahamas. They did this due to the innovation of tools for distance and traveling to encourage their journeys. These are two examples of people who were part of the age of Exploration. https://www.thoughtco.com/renaissance-timeline-4158077 -
Period: 1490 to
The Age of Exploration
Also called the "Age of Discovery" was a time period when the nations of Europe began exploring the world. This began roughly in the late 1400's starting with Columbus' sail in 1492 as a well known event. This era ended in the early 1600's. New routes to countries including India and Americas.
https://www.fcps.net/cms/lib/KY01807169/Centricity/Domain/10943/final%20Adam%20Sullinger%20NTI%20Days%20May%2018-22.pdf -
1492
Christopher Columbus "Discovers" The Americas
Christopher Columbus is most well known for his "discovery" of the Americas. He sailed to the New World in search of more goods as this is the Age of Exploration. Although starting off as friendly to the Natives, it drastically changed and became violent and he tried to exploit them from their land for his profit.
https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/christopher-columbus#:~:text=Explorer%20Christopher%20Columbus%20(1451%E2%80%931506,board%20his%20ship%20Santa%20Maria. -
1495
Leonardo da Vinci's "The Last Supper"
Painted 1495-98, this painting represents the scene with Jesus and Twelve Apostles when he announces that one of them will betray him. -
Period: 1495 to 1527
High Renaissance
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1497
Vasco de Gama Sails
Vasco de Gama set sail to find better routes from Europe to India. He was the first European to reach India by the sea.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasco-da-Gama -
1501
Michelangelo's David
Michelangelo's sculpture, David was created in 1501-1504. This is a large masterpiece in the concept of art and located in Florence, Italy. Michelangelo wanted to represent the biblical figure David. -
1509
King Henry VIII Starts Reign
King Henry VIII is most notable for his 6 wives, two of which he sent to their death and the rest divorced or had died all due to the fact he wanted a son yet didn't get one until way later.
https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/henry-viii#:~:text=Contents&text=Henry%20VIII%20ruled%20England%20for,and%20a%20healthy%20male%20heir. -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther Posts 95 Theses
Martin Luther supposedly nailed a list of 95 theses (opinions, theories) to the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany which the started the Protestant Reformation.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/martin-luther-posts-95-theses#:~:text=Martin%20Luther%20posts%2095%20theses,would%20begin%20the%20Protestant%20Reformation. -
Oct 31, 1517
The Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a European movement in the 16th century started by Martin Luther with the Diet of Worms, that questioned and rebuilt the beliefs of the church. It then created the branch in Christianity called Protestantism.
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/protestant-reformation -
1519
Hernan Cortes and The Aztecs
Cortes sailed for Mexico to explore the land and find resources when he found the Aztec tribe ruled by Montezuma. He conquered them by the time of his many returns back. He started off as friendly then became worse to the people.
https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/hernan-cortes#:~:text=In%201519%2C%20Cort%C3%A9s%20was%20set,the%20Aztec%20capital%20of%20Tenochtitlan. -
1520
Mannerism
Mannerism simply means style and during the Renaissance, artists used this technique to produce realistic artwork. An artist such such as Vasari implied this in his works.
https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/mannerism.html#:~:text=Derived%20from%20the%20Italian%20maniera,conscious%20artifice%20over%20realistic%20depiction. -
1527
Charles V Conquers Rome
Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire conquers Rome played a part in ending the Renaissance in the Italy.
https://www.britannica.com/summary/Renaissance-Causes-and-Effects -
Period: 1527 to
Late Renaissance
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1543
Nicolaus Copernicus Creates New Theory
Copernicus (1473-1543) was a widely known figure as he proposed and formulated that rather relying on the Geocentric theory, the Heliocentric or more formidable as it states that the Sun is the Center of the solar system and the Earth and Planets revolve around it. Although his thoughts of the Heliocentric Theory were most likely made sometime between 1508-1514, he waited until he died to get them published so he didn't have to suffer from it. -
Period: 1543 to
Scientific Revolution
A period in time that took place during the 16th and 17th century when there was drastic change in scientific thought process. -
1550
Peace of Augsburg
This event temporarily released tension from the Reformation. This was a time when many monarchs took their throne -
Globe Theater
As Shakespeare was popular during the Renaissance, he also had the construction of the Globe theater where he later had his plays performed at the Globe. So this was a large form of art during the Renaissance. -
Telescope Was Invented
Galileo Galilei created a very early and first model of a modern day telescope. It was a crude refracting telescope in which was initially magnified to 8x which then changed to 20x.
https://www.universetoday.com/15763/galileos-telescope/ -
Galileo Discovers Jupiter's Moons
Using his telescope invention, Galileo discovered that looking at Jupiter, it has 4 moons. He at first thought they were stars but later concluded that they were in fact moons orbiting around Jupiter.
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/410-years-ago-galileo-discovers-jupiter-s-moons -
Thirty Years War Begins
This was one of the most destructive and longest European conflicts. I was a religious conflict with 8 million causalities.
https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/thirty-years-war