-
-
This battle was the English vs. the Scotts. The English were under the control of Edward I, and the Scotts were under the control William Wallace. Edward intended to manipulate Balliol, so Balliol rebelled and allied with France. Edward got angry so he took Balliol prisoners and occupied Scottland. Wallace escaped only to be betrayed and executed at Smithfeild of London. Edward stayed in control of Scottland til the new Scottish champion arose.
-
This battle was Scottland vs. England. The Scotts were under the leadership of Robert Bruce, and the English were under the contrrol of King Edward II. Robert Bruce was trying to make Scottland Independent.Edward tried to go north and counter the rebellion, and met the Scotts at Bannockburn. The Scotts force mainly soldiers fighting on foot with some archers. Even though the Scotts were out numbered 2:1, but the English barely had an impact. 14 years later the Scotts got their freedom.
-
Edward III was the most popular king England ever had. His job was to excel in warfare so when he came to the throne. He tried to restore the prestige of his line by having a war. The war was between England and France. The French won the war to end it in 1453.
-
The Black Plague The black death first started in Italy in 1348, and didn't end till 3 years later. The pleague spread all through out Europe, and decreased the population from anywhere between 25-50%. The Black Death killed around 25 million people. The Disease was more recently found out to have came from fleas. The out break ended in 1350.
-
He was originally trained as a goldsmith. Filippo discovered linear perspective. He designed and oversaw the completion of the red dome on the Florence Cathedral. Most people don't associate Brunelleschi with the renaissance. But if it would't of been for him the Renaissance would have been very different. The artist wouldn't of been able to make the masterpieces that they did, if Filippo wouldn't of made his discovery. He died in 1446.
-
Linear Perspective is the way of creating a convincing illusion of space on a flat, or two-dimensional surface. How he discovered linear perspective was by observing things with a fixed single point of veiw. He applied a single vanishing point on a canvas. By doing this he discovered a method for calculating depth. A famous experiment he did was he used mirrors o sketch the Florence baptistry. He was then able to calculate the scale of the objects within the paintig that makes it look realistic.
-
The Siege of Orleans started the turning point of the Hundred years war. The French gained the upper hand, after 80 years, with the victory of Orleans. In April Charles allows Joan lead a relief force. Joans force drove out the English from Orleans in May. The Siege ended May 8, 1429.
-
Gutenberg was known for inventing the printing press. He was not only a intentor, but was also a gold smith. Johannes also printed the first book with movable type. Many inventions have been made based off of Gutenberg's printing press. Gutenberg was not credited with the inventing of the printing press, until after he was dead. Johannes Gutenberg died in 1468.
-
The printing press was a machine that used movable blocks, that stamped words on to pages. The printing press was very important because it made printing books easier and faster. It also made the spread of information faster, easier, and more accurate. The printing press made books cheaper, and more people were able to buy books
-
Christopher ColumbusChristopher was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator. He is known for discovering the Americas. With the support of the Monarchs of Spain, Christopher completed four trips the American continents. The first journey was in 1492. When he first set sail he hoped to find a route to India. His first trip into the Atlantic in 1476, Columbus almost died. his ship got attacked by French privateers, and he had to swim to shore. He died May 20, 1506.
-
Leonardo has made many famous paintings like the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and many more. He was not only a painter but a sculpter, an architect, and an engineer. He had many sketches of his inventions that he never carried out. His inventions were things like designs for flying machines, a giant crossbow, armoured car, and a machine for storming walls. Leonardo died May 2, 1519.
-
Niccolo is known as the father of modern political theory. He was the Secretary to the Second Cancery of the Republic of Florence. He was the Secretary From 1498-1512. Machiavelli was an Italian historian, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and a writer. He wrote comedies, carnival songs, and poetry. His most famous work was his book The Prince. He died on June 21, 1527.
-
Michelangelo was a sculptor, architect, painter, and poet. Michelangelo did not want to paint the Sistine Chapel. Pope Julius's power forced him to paint it. Sculpting was his true love. Michelangelo had many famous works but his most famous are the Sistine Chapel, and his sculpture of David. Michelangelo died in 1564.
-
Oil painting was brought to Italy in between 1470-1480. Italy had never seen oil painting before. The first Italians to use oil paintings were artists in Venice. When oil painting reached Italy so did the renaissance.
-
The true reason the spanish inuisition is not known. The government and church wanted a pure Spanish-Christian race. They forbidded marriage between Christians of converts, and Jews because they thought it would destroy their ideal of pure blood. They killed or drove out the Jews' of the country. They killed hundreds of thousands of Jews as a form of revenge.
-
Martain Luther was a German monk, preist, professor of theology, and was an ionic figure of the Protestant Reformation. His teachings is what inspired the Protestant Reformation. He was excommunicated because he refused to withdraw all his writings. Luther is mostly known for the 95 Theses in 1517. Martain Luther died in February 18, 1546.
-
Botticelli painted this masterpiece during a time that almost all paintings showed Christian ideals. It was really surprising that Sandro painted Venus nude. A lot of his paintings were burned for being Pagan. The painting was inspired from the book Descriptions. The painting shows Venus being born from the sea. The goddess Horae hands Venus a cloak to prepare her for shore.
-
Columbus led three ships called the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria. What he was going for was to find a easier way to get to Asia or the Indies. His first stop was Canary Island. In October 12, 1493 they reached an island of the American continent.
-
Da Vinci painted the Last Supper for his patron Duke Ludovico and Duchess Beatrice. It was painted for a dinning hall. It is to represent the scene of the Last Supper the final days of Jesus. It's paint as it was told in the Gospel of John 13:21, when Jesus announced that one of the Twelve Apostles would betray him. It was finished in 1498.
-
Mona LisaThe Mona Lisa is one of the most famous paintings in history. It was created by Leonardo Da Vinci for a man named Francesco del Giocondo. The man wanted Leonardo to paint a portrait of his wife. Leonardo was never happy with this painting, and he never gave it to the man.
-
Michelangelo made David like he would be before the battle with Galieth. He also made David holding the slingshot that he killed Galieth with. The people of Michelangelo's town thought David was a symbol of strength and anger. When a lot of people saw the sculpture immediately identified him as a victor over superior enemies. Michelangelo started with a 19 foot tall damaged block of marble into the 17 foot tall David.
-
The Sistine was painted showing the different stories of the Bible. It was split into 3 eras: the first before the Ten Commandments were given to moses, the second between Moses and Christ's birth, and the third was Christian era thereafter. Even though Michelangelo didn't want to paint the chapel Pope Julius' power forced him to do it. The painting of the Sistine Chapel was the most important assignment that the Pope requested Michelangelo to do. The chapel was finished in 1512
-
Pope Julius II wanted the 27 year old Raphael to paint a picture for his library. The painting is meant to represent all the great mathematitians, philosophers, and scientists sharing ideas and learning from each other. The figures all lived at different times in history, but in the painting they are all gathered together. Raphael put his portrait in the painting.
-
The book Utopia was written by Sir Thomas More. The book was originally written in Latin. The book was about a fictional island society and it's religion, social, and political cutoms. One interpritation was that Utopia was a kind of perfect society and was unreachable. It wasn't written for what More thought was a perfect society, but was used to describe Europe's social issues.
-
Martain LutherThe reason Martian Luther Wrote the 95 Theses was to protest against the selling of indulgance. Indulgance is giving the church money for their salvation. Luther posted the 95 Theses on the churches doors so everyone could see them. Martain had three main points with these writings. He said,"Selling indulgences to finace the building of St. Peter's is wrong. The pope has no power over Purgatory. Buying indulgences gives the people a false sense of security and endangers their salvation."
-
Magellans VoyageMagellan was, like Christopher Columbus, trying to find a quicker route to India from spain. Magellan didn't make it completely around the world because he got killed be foreign people for starting a battle. Instead Enrique and a few others were able to finish the journey. This voyage proved the Earth was round. They got back to Spain in 1522.
-
The European wars followed the Protestant Reformation in Western and Northern Europe. These wars were started by the religious change of the time, and conflict it produced. The European movement was meant to reform the beliefs, and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. These movements gave people different ideas that were meant to help political rulers extend their power, and control at the expense of the Church.
-
The prince is about how to get and keep political power. The book says "it's better to be stingy than generous, it's better to be cruel than merciful, it's better to break promises if keeping them would be against one's interests, prince's should choose wise advisors and avoid flatterers." Machiavelli was really hoping the Medici family would like it. In the final chapter he begs the Medici family to use the prince to lead Italy out of humiliation.
-
Excommunicate is to cut off from communion with a church or exclude from the sacraments of a church. The pope excommunicated Henry because he refused to give into the churches athourity. He challenged the church's choice of not letting him divorce his wife Catherine of Arago. Henery then proclaimed himself as the leader of the church of England, then he was able to make his own decisions on divorcing his wife.
-
Queen Elizabeth is known in history as Eglands greatest monarch. She was 25 years old when she came into power, and the country was bankrupt. Not many people thought she could rule the country well because of to two queens who ruled alone before her. She ruled for half a century on her own.Elizabeth's enemies were dazzeled with her, and she had a great sense of duty. She proved her doubters wrong by keeping peace, and stability in England.
-
The revolution began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance. The Scientific Revolution was started by the publication in 1543 of the two works that change the course of science. These works were de revolutionibus orbium coelestium (the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) by Nicolaus Copernicus, and de humani corporis fabrica (the Fabric of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius. The revolutionibus orbium coelestium influeced Copernicus's Heliocentric theory.
-
It's usually believed that the Massacre was started by Catherine de Medici. The Massacre was a group of assassinations, followed by a wave Roman Catholic mob violence against Huguenots. Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church. The church tried to exterminate all the Protestants. They don't know exactly how many deaths there were, but it's guessed to be anywhere between 5-30 thousand people.
-
Spain sailed to England to try to overthrow the rule of Queen Elizabeth I. Spain wanted the lands that they controlled to be Roman Catholic; but Queen Elizabeth was helping the people be protestant. This angered the king of spain, which started the battle. The English won the battle.
-
When King James I came into power the Catholics thought he would be tolerant of them. But instead he ordered all Catholic Priests to leave England. This made a lot of the Catholics mad. So Guy Fawkes made a plot with many other Catholics to kill James. They planed on blowing up James, and also the houses of parliament. James and his his conspiritors, were able to get 36 barrels of gunpowder into the cellar of the House of Lords.
