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1a,1b,1c,1d,1e
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Average lifespan was 20 years
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Herbs and plants used as medicines , and some are still used today
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believed that illness and disease were caused by supernatural spirits and demons
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Tribal with doctors treated illness with ceremonies to drive out evil spirits
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trepanation or trephining(bore a hole in the skull) was used to treat insanity and epilepsy
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2a,2b,2c,2d,2e
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Imhotep (2635-2595 BC) may have been the first physician
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Earliest people known to maintain accurate health records
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3a,3b,3c,3d,3e
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believed the body was a system of channels for air, tears, blood, urine, sperm, and feces
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4a,4b,4c,4d,4e
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believed illness is a result of natural causes
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if channels became "clogged", bloodletting or leeches were used to "open" them
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Stressed diet and cleanliness as ways to prevent disease
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recorded a pharmacopeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
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began modern medical science by observing the human body and effects of disease
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religious prohibitions against dissection resulted in inadequate knowledge of body structure
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5a,5b,5c,5d,5e
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First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
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early hospitals developed when physicians cared for ill people in rooms in their homes
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Hippocrates (460-377 BC) called the Father of Medicine:
developed an organized method to observe the human body
recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases
created a high standard of ethics, the Oath of Hippocrates, used by physicians -
believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
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Called upon the gods to heal them when disease occurred
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carefully monitored the pulse to determine the condition of the body
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Aristotle (384-322 bc) dissected animals and is called the founder of comparative anatomy
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average lifespan was 25-35 years
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Began the search for medical reasons for illness
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later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions housed in monasteries and convents
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diet, exercise, and medications were used to treat disease
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6a,6b,6c,6d,6e
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medications were mainly herbal mixtures
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emphasis was placed on saving the soul and the study of medicine was prohibited
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Average lifespan was 20 to30 years
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prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease
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monks and priests provided custodial care for sick people
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7a,7b,7c,7d,7e
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Renewed interest in the medical practice of greeks and romans
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physicians began to obtain knowledge at medical universities in the 9th century
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A pandemic (worldwide epidemic) of the bubonic plague(black death) killed three-quarters of the population of europe and asia
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Arab physicians used their knowledge of chemistry to advance pharmacology
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8a,8b,8c,8d,8e
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Average lifespan was 20-35 years
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Rebirth of science of medicine
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First book on dietetics written by Isaac Judaeus
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9a,9b,9c,9d,9e
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First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius(1514-1564)
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causes of disease were still not known and many people died from infections and puerperal (child birth) fever
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10a,10b,10c,10d,10e
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William Harvey (1578-1657) described the circulation of blood to and from the heart in 1628
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average lifespan was 35 to 45 years
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James Lind prescribed lime juice containing vitamin C to prevent scurvy in 1795
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Dissection of the body began to allow a better understanding of anatomy and physiology
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First successful blood transfusion on animals performed in England in 1667
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Dr. Jessee Bennet performed the first successful Cesarean section operation to deliver an infant in 1794
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Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
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average lifespan was 30 to 40 years
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11a,11b,11c,11d,11e
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Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) invented bifocals for glasses
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Royal College of surgeons (medical school) founded in london in 1800
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Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer in 1714
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French barbers acted as surgeons by extracting teeth, using leeches for treatment, and giving enemas
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Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) discovered the element oxygen in 1774
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12a,12b,12c,12d,12e
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First federal vaccination legislation enacted in 1813
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Dr. Philippe Pinel (1755-1826) began humane treatment for mental illness
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Francis Clarke and M.G. Foster patented the first electrical hearing aid in 1880
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Walter Reed demonstrated that mosquitoes carry yellow fever in 1900
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Carl Landsteiner classified the ABO blood groups in 1901
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female army nurse corps established as a permanent organization in 1901
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the first kidney dialysis machine was developed in 1944
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Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1965) discovered penicillin
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Adult stem cells were used in the treatment of disease early in the 2000's
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13a,13b,13c,13d,13e
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the human genome project to identify all of the approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes in human DNA was completed in 2003
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The Medicare prescription drug improvement and modernization act was passed in 2003
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the first inhalable insulin product, Exubera, was approved by the FDA in 2006
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The FDA approved the use of the AbioCor totally implantable artificial heart in 2006
