-
African Americans push for Public Education
African Americans in the south begin to push for public schooling for African American children by creating alliances with white republican politicians after the end of the civil war (Race Forward, 2006). -
Passage of the 14th amendment
The 14th amendment granted citizenship to all minorities born in the United States, including former slaves and ensured all citizens "equal protection of the laws" (US Const. amend. XIV).
Constitutional Law -
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Enacted during the reconstruction era in America, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 ensured the protection of citizens legal and civil rights and provided equal accommodations for public accommodation. In the south, many states failed in enforcing this legal action. Many African Americans in the south had hoped this act would provide quality education for African American students (Civil Rights Act, 1875). Statutory Law -
Plessy v. Ferguson
The supreme court case in 1896 declares segregation legal in America under the principle of separate but equal, and many southern states pass laws enforcing segregation within public schools (Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896). Judicial Law -
Niagara Movement 1905
Created in 1905 and led by W. B. E. Du Bois and William Trotter Monroe the organization fought against discrimination and segregation in many different areas including public education and fought for both these rights in court cases across America (Opinde, 2019). -
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Founded 1909
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) created to fight for civil rights of colored people and fought for colored peoples civil rights in education. The organization battles against discrimination, segregation, and equality in America and often pursues legal action for civil rights (Lewis, 2018). -
1954 Brown V. The Board of Education of Topeka
This supreme court case overturns Plessy V. Ferguson and declares segregation in public schools unconstitutional based upon the principle of separate and equal in quality. The supreme court established its decision upon the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment (Brown v. Board, 1954). Judicial Law -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Authorized the Office of Education today known as the Department of Education to aid in the desegregation of schools. The law also ended segregation in public places and prohibited employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. The ruling paved the way for more minority teachers in public schools (Civil Rights Act, 1964). Statutory Law -
Lau v. Nichols
The supreme court ruled a San Francisco school district receiving federal funds violated section 601 of the 1964 Civil Rights Act since the school district failed to provide English instruction to 1,800 non-English speaking students with Chinese ancestry and failed to offer them other adequate instructional procedures denying them a meaningful opportunity to participate in a public education program (Lau v. Nichols, 1974). Judicial Law -
Every Student Succeeds Act
The law requires states to set achievement goals for students and to provide a way to measure student progress. This law is beneficial for minority students, disadvantaged students, and special education students. Furthermore, the law requires state administration of annual testing and replaces No Child Left Behind and reduces the amount of by the federal government. Finally, the goal of the law is to provide quality education for all students (Every Student Succeeds Act, 2015). -
(ESSA) Continued Current Summary
The law currently is useful in ensuring that the progress of all students progress, including minority students, disadvantaged students, and disabled students receives proper monitoring and interventions when needed. -
References Continued
Opinde, Walter. (2019, January 23). The niagara movement: The black civil rights advocacy. Retrieved from https://blackthen.com/niagara-movement-black-civil-rights-advocacy/
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 US 537 (1896).
Race Forward. (2006, April 13). Historical timeline of public education in the US. Retrieved from https://www.raceforward.org/research/reports/historical-timeline-public-education-us -
References
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 US 483 (1954).
Civil Rights Act of 1875, 18 Stat. 335-337 (1875).
Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub.L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241 (1964).
Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015, Pub. L. No. 114-95 § 114 Stat. 1177 (2015-2016).
Lewis, Femi. (2018, July 22). The early history of the NAACP: A timeline. ThoughtCo. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/timeline-of-the-naacp-1909-to-1965-45429