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1031
AL-ANDALUS
The most important taifas were Sevilla, Toledo, Badajoz and Zaragoza.
The Christians took advantage of the differences between the Muslims to conquer territory and collect taxes paid in gold coins, known as parias. -
1035
ARAGON
This was inherited as a kingdom by Ramiro I, a son of Sancho III el Mayor. This monarch added the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza to the Kingdom of Aragón -
Period: 1172 to 1212
THE SECOND HALF OF THE 12th CENTURY
During the second half of the 12th century, the Christian kingdoms faced the Almohad invasion. The Almohads, who took advantage of the territorial fragmentation of al-Andalus, managed to unite the Andalusian territory in 1172 and established their capital in Sevilla. This empire hindered the expansion of the Christian kingdoms, mainly in the areas between the Tajo and the Sierra Morena, until the Christians’ victory in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212). -
Period: 1201 to 1300
CASTILLA AND LEON
large migrating flocks of merino sheep were at the at the centre of intense economic activity. They gave a very high quality wool. Wool from these sheep was traded at fairs, such as those of Medina del Campo and Burgos. Cantabrian and Basque sailors then exported this wool from Castilla to Flanders, where a flourishing textile industry had developed. -
Period: 1201 to 1300
CROWN OF ARAGON
In the Crown of Aragón maritime trade was encouraged. Therefore, cities like Barcelona, Valencia and Palma de Mallorca developed the business of crafts and trade. They were essential ports for Mediterranean trade and were used to export products from the Iberian Peninsula and import others from the East, such as spices and silk, which were then resold within the rest of Europe. -
Period: 1212 to 1213
THE BATTLE OF LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA
The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) was a major victory for the Christian kingdoms and made the occupation of the Guadalaquivir valley possible. In this battle, the kings of Castilla (Alfonso VIII), Navarra (Sancho el Fuerte) and Aragón (Pedro II) fought together (1213) -
Period: 1235 to 1245
CONQUERED OF JAIME I
In which Pedro II died. His successor, Jaime I of Aragón, conquered the Islas Baleares (1235) and Valencia (1245), which were added to the Crown of Aragón as kingdoms. -
1250
ANDALUSIAN KINGDOM
In 1250, there was only one Andalusian kingdom, the Kingdom of Granada, ruled by the Nasrid dynasty.Aragón lost nearly all its land in the Midi after the defeat by the French in the battle of Muret -
1337
POLITICAL CRISIS
The Hundred Years’ War took place. This was a serious conflict between the most powerful monarchies of the time, France and England, and it spread to other kingdoms. -
1348
DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS
The population of Europe fell by over a third during the 14th century. The causes were hunger caused by many years of bad harvests, almost constant wars and the Black Death. The Black Death was a highly contagious disease that regularly proved a danger to people from 1348. -
Period: 1378 to 1417
RELIGIOUS CRISIS
Within Catholicism, there was a confrontation that led to the Western Schism. This schism was a period of rupture within the Church, during which there were two popes: one in Rome and the other in Avignon (France) -
1391
CASTILLA
One of the bloodiest wars was the one between King Pedro I of Castile and his half-brother Enrique de Trastámara, who aspired to the throne. Enrique II was victorious.During the 14th century, feudal Europe was affected by a series of problems that slowed the development of the previous centuries. These problems were reflected in a general crisis which became apparent in various ways. -
1412
ARAGON
representatives of the institutions of all the states of the Crown were summoned to elect a new king. The agreement reached at this meeting, the Caspe Commitment. The agreement reached at this meeting, the Caspe Commitment, -
1492
THE NASRID KINGDOM
The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada lasted until 1492. It had a good economic situation, although it lost some territories close to the Strait of Gibraltar, such as Algeciras.