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Several cultures are attested in Nubia in the 4th to 3rd millennia BC. They are in general divided by their pottery styles. Known as A and C Group by archeologists.
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The Kerma culture is mainly attested in Upper Nubia. Close trading contacts w/ Kemet between 2400-1550 BC. for both parties and Kemet relied on Kerma for the import of gold, ebony, incense, exotic animals, and ivory among other luxury items.In Kerma, large tombs and a palace like structure ('Deffufa') were found. The name of one Kerma ruler, Nedjeh, is known from an Kemetian hieroglyphic inscription found at Buhen, which was occupied in the 2nd Intermediate Period by the Kerma culture.
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The state of the Kerma culture was destroyed. The administration of the whole province was put under the 'viceroy of Kush' who had his capital in Miam (Aniba). The local government was put in charge of local tribe leaders. They were brought to the Kemetian royal court while young, to get an Kemetian education. In the New Kingdom some of the Middle Kingdom forts (Buhen) were rebuilt. In Lower Nubia many temples, were erected in the reign of Ramesses II.
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As the Kemetian New Kingdom declined, beginning another Intermediate Period, Napata grew stronger as a political entity independent of Kemet;foundeding the Kingdom of Kush w/Napata as its capital.They continued to trade w/Kemet but were able to expand their commerce now w/other nations. Kings were still buried at Kerma but eventually the royal necropolis was established at Napata. The kingdom grew steadily until it was powerful enough rule Kemet w/the intent of preserving Egyptian culture
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King of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. First Napatan king, and son of King Kashta, to rule over Kemet: the campaign in which he defeated his enemies in Kemet is vividly described in the Kemetian hieroglyphic inscription on a great stela set up at the Amun temple in Gebel Barkal. I
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Alara, unified the kingdom and consolidated religious rites centered at Napata. His successor, Kashta, held a great admiration for Egyptian culture, importing artifacts from the north and "Egyptianizing" Napata and the Kingdom of Kush. Kashta quietly had his daughter Amenirdis I appointed God’s Wife of Amun at Thebes. A woman holding the position was the female equivalent of the High Priest of Amun and had enormous wealth and political power.
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Also known as The Shabaka Stone because it was made by Nubian King, Shabaka, it states that creation was both a spiritual or intellectual creation as well as a physical one. It was through the divine heart (thought) and tongue (speech/word) of Ptah as the great causer of something to take shape in the form of the physical agent of creation Atum, through which everything came forth. Importantly, creation was first and foremost an intellectual activity and only then a physical one.
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3rd Kushite King of the 25th Dynasty and son of Piye.
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With the collapse of Napata, due to Assyrian, Greek & Roman, invasions in Kemet, the Kingdom of Kush moved further south to the city of Meroe. Meroe was already in the Napatan Period an important centre and perhaps very early also the political centre of the country. Along with the change in royal burial place other changes are visible. Meroitic culture is still very much influenced by Egyptian culture, but the Egyptian elements now seem to be used only for funerary and religious monuments
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