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First Industrial Revolution
The process of economic, social and technological transformation that began in the Kingdom of Great Britain. It began through the use of steam power and the mechanisation of production. This revolution made the quality and capacity of the working environment weaker. They started to use children to work. Energy and biological resources were depleted and surface water was polluted. -
Independence of the United States
The thirteen colonies of North America seceded from the British Empire. They wanted to stop paying unfair taxes without a say. Britain admitted defeat and suffered a severe crisis. They lost a lot of power and money, the beginning of the end of the British Empire.
In the United States, the bourgeoisie was the predominant class. This served as an example for later revolutions initiated by the bourgeoisie. -
French Revolution
It was a political, social and ideological movement that developed in France with the aim of establishing a republican and democratic government. The revolution caused a lot of political instability and with that, poverty multiplied. The country went through a great economic crisis. -
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars that took place during the time of Emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte's rule in France. His goal was to achieve a united Europe under his authority. The wars caused the independence of several colonies in America. These wars resulted in about 3 million deaths. The greatest number of deaths occurred among the civilian population due to lack of food and the spread of disease. -
Greek War of Independence
The Greeks gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, which they had dominated since the 15th century. The Greeks were unable to form a coherent government in the areas they controlled and soon began fighting among themselves. Fighting between the Greeks and Ottomans continued until 1825, when Sultan Mahmud II asked Egypt for help. -
Unification of the Italian States
This is the union of the various states into which the Italian peninsula was divided. Unification turned Italy into a great power. A part of the population was left out of the national sentiment, they felt out of place. There was an important growth in terms of inequality between the northern region of Italy and the southern region. -
Franco-Prussian War
This was a war between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with the support of the North German Confederation and the allied kingdoms of Baden, Bavaria and Württemberg. The provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, rich in coal and iron ore mines, were taken from France, and large war reparations payments were imposed. This created great resentment in France and these tensions would cause the First World War. -
Second Industrial Revolution
The process of industrialisation changed its nature and economic growth changed its model. The main changes were concentrated technical innovations, such as new energy sources, new materials and new transport systems. Increased migration from rural to urban areas.
Increased economic inequality.
Increased political conflict between classes over who should control society's resources. -
The Paris Commune
The citizens of Paris led a rebellion that established a popular, socialist, self-managed government. This rebellion caused the deaths of some 20,000 people.
Around 40,000 people were imprisoned or deported.
Numerous monuments and public buildings were destroyed. -
Colonisation of Africa
Colonisation focused on land ownership rather than on trading with the natives. Convinced of European superiority, colonists took over the best lands. The biggest consequences are: armed conflicts, ethnic disputes, poverty, political violence, control of resources, military deployment of military troops, racism and inequality.