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King Charles vlI France invaded Italy and this began a series of wars. France and Spain fought over the Italian peninsula. -
The Theses say how Luther disagrees that people can buy there way into heaven -
The Peasant’s War took place in Germany. The peasants had high taxes and no power. 10,000 German peasants stormed castles. -
set of laws that ended the popes power out and made Henry the head of the church -
John Calvin expressed ideas about god and salvation. Wanted personal faith and wanted people to have more faith. Also agreed that people can't buy there way into heaven. -
The Jesuit focused on 3 rules. The first one was founded schools throughout Europe. The second on was to convert non Christians to catholicism. The third goal was to stop spread of protestantism. Paul lll approved of these rules. -
Paul lll used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory. Sometimes extended into targeting specific groups like the jews. -
Achievements
- heliocentric theory- sun centered universe
- formulated the quantity theory of money -
Paul lll directed the council of Trent. They investigated the indulgence selling and other abuses in the church. They approved the Jesuit order and used the inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory. -
german princes could pick which religion they could worship so there wouldn't be any fighting -
Determined to return her kingdom to protestantism. Parliament agreed and set up the Church of England as her in charge. Established state church that moderate catholics and moderate Protestants might both except -
A visitor of Jeneva, John Knox, applied Clavin's ideas to Scotland meaning each community church was governs by presbyters. protestant nobles and Knox made Calvinism the official religion of Scotland -
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre was when catholic mobs hunted and killed protestants. This massacre spread to other cities and lasted 6 months. Fighting ended when leader Henry became catholic. -
Henry 's edict of Nates gave religious freedom of protestants. -
Achievments
- developed Scientific Method with Descartes
- Theory that scientific knowledge must come from the observation of nature through inductive reasoning -
Achievements:
- observation of telescope of the solar system
- confirmed the idea that the sun is the center of the planets -
Acheievements:
- developed analytical geometry
- encouraged scientists to use math and logic instead of experimenting to make new observations -
Achievments:
- developed the social contract
- believed that a ruler was always needed to keep the citizens in control. Government was an absolute monarchy. -
Achievments:
- people can learn from experience and improve themsleves
- criticized absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-governemnt -
Achievements:
- Division of government and separation of powers
- Checks and balances -
Achievments:
- fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech
- his writings gave the Founding Fathers critical concepts to create a new form of government -
Achievments:
- he won recognition of writer of essays
- guaranteed in the U.S. Billof Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen